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12 MARINE REVIEW. Martell, Esq., chief surveyor to Lloyds' Register. There was an interesting discussion of these papers, and several of the gentlemen expressed an intention to contribute remarks in writ- ing in time to be published. Dr. Francis Elgar, the distinguished English architect who comes to this congress as delegate from the Institution of Naval Architects, then read a paper on " The Present Condition of Naval Architecture." 'This was an eminently valuable paper and contained many points of the greatest interest. The doctor called special attention to the fact that, while at one time it may have been possible to design ships simply from experience gained by long practice, this no longer held, but the successful naval architect of today was the man who had and who must have a thoroughly scientific education as his basis. The meeting then adjourned, leaving several papers over for discus- sion at a subsequent date. On Tuesday the first paper was "The Trireme at the Time of the Peloponnesian War" by Herr R. Haack of Berlin, Ger- many, naval architect and formerly technical director of the Vulcan Iron Works. Although this paper is apparently of remote interest, it proved on reading quite the reverse from the way in which it was treated, and the abstract which was read showed that the complete paper as it will appear in the proceed- ings will be of great interest. IT'wo papers were then briefly dis- cussed, the same being by General Casimir de Bona, inspector general of engineers in the Spanish navy, on '* The Graphic Integration of Rosin" and ' Valve Diagrams." Next " The Relation of Speed and Power in Steamers" by Mr. Robert Mansel, the well known architect of Scotland, was discussed by Dr. Elgar, Professor Durand, Mr. McFarland and others. '"The Use of Oil at Sea " by Mr. W. J. Millar, secretary of the Insti- tution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, was com- mended as an eminently valuable paper, containing much infor- mation, but there was no discussion of it. "The Vibration of Steamers,' by Herr Otto Schlick, con- sul at the Bureau Veritas at Hamburg, Germany, was a remark- ably interesting paper, and elicited a valuable discussion, in which a number of points of great value were brought out. The discussion was by Mr. F. B. King, superintendent of the marine department of the Maryland Steel Company, Col. KE. A. Stevens, superintendent of the Hoboken Ferry Company, Chief Engineer Kafer, Professor Durand, Dr. Elgar, Mr. Oldham, Mr. Stratton, chief engineer-surveyor of the Record of American and Fozeign Shipping, Col. Nabor Soliani of the Italian navy, Naval Con- structor Varney, U. S. N., and Mr. Alfred H. Raynal, In this liberal discussion a number of practical points of great interest were brought out, among which was one by Dr. Elgar, that it has been found that when a ship is longer than twelve times her depth, there is sure to be considerable vibration. Dr. Elgar also spoke of the recent experience of the builders of the big Cunard liner Campania with vibration in that ship and related his personal observations on the subject during trial trips of the Campania. Unusual interest attended this discussion, on account of the subject being comparatively new in meetings of this kind, and Mr. Schlick, who has given a great deal of atten- tion to the question of vibration, was highly complimented on the merits.of his paper. Then came a paper on "Welded Seams" by Mr. Warren E. Hill, vice-president of the Continental Iron Works, which was also very interesting. In response to questions by gentlemen present, Mr. Hill gave additional information of great value. The discussion brought out the fact that a locomotive boiler without any riveted joints at all has been at work for the last four years at their works, and has given entire satisfaction. Mr. Hill believes that in time, as people acquire the same confidence in welded seams as that now possessed by the manufacturers, riveted joints will disappear to a large extent. The paper on "Screw Propulsion," by Mr. Sydney W. Barnaby was discussed by Messrs. McFarland and Kafer, Col. Stevens, Messrs. James Howden of Glasgow, H. B. Roelker and Dr. Elgar. his paper is certainly one of the most valuable that has been presented to the congress, and contains in short space the practical rules which have been deduced from the extended experiments of Isherwood, Froude, Thorneycroft, Yarrow and others. 'The Re- sistance of Ships," by Prof. Riehn of Hanover, Germany, was a subject bristling with mathematics, but containing much valua- ble and intereseing matter and information. The general opinion was that, as the paper had, unfortunately, been circulated but very recently in advance, a very valuable discussion could not be expected, and therefore none was made. On Wednesday the first two papers were on the "Rules for Boiler Construction of Various Governments and Registration Societies," written by Nelson Foley, the manager of the Haw- thorn-Cuppy Company of Naples, Italy, and the Government Inspection of Merchant Vessels and the Influence thereon of Registration Societies," by E. Platt Stratton, chief engineer-sur- veyor to the Record of American and Foreign Shipping. These two papers are of entirely different character, that of Mr. Foley being strictly technical, and discussing the various rules for strength. It is a most valuable paper and will be of the great- est value to marine engineers in the designing of boilers. Mr. Stratton's paper was less technical, but brought out an animated discussion, which was participated in by some fifteen or twenty of the gentlemen present. The fact was pretty thoroughly es- tablished that there isa great dissatisfaction with the rules of the steamboat inspection service in this country, largely on ac- count of the fact that they are not sufficiently elastic to provide for progress in marine engineering and ship building. The form of test piece for boiler material was pretty well discussed and the present form condemned. The question of the factor of safety for steam-boilors was also discussed, and several eminent gentlemen expressed the idea that the proposition in the Frye bill, of about a year ago, to have a factor of 5, was not desirable, as a lower factor would be entirely satisfactory. This idea, how- ever, was combated very strongly by other gentlemen who had given the matter great attention. a A most valuable paper was that entitled "Auxiliary Ma- chinery for War vessels," by George W. Dickie, manager of the Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. This paper is not only valuable for the splendid review of the subject, and the author's thorough grasp of it, but for his novel propositions in regard to several points. Mr. Dickie's immense experience as the mana- ger of the Union Iron Works for So many years has enabled him to see the defects in existing methods, and he proposes in his paper certain other methods which would materially reduce the complication at present existing aboard ship, with an attendant increase in economy. 'This paper was discussed by Prof. Hollis of Harvard University, recently an engineer officer in the navy, Mr. Asa M. Mattice, formerly of the engineer corps of the navy, and now a prominent consulting engineer in Boston, Chief En- gineer Kafer of the navy, Capt. E. H. Stevens and Mr. A. H. Raynal. 'To these remarks Mr. Dickie briefly responded. Two papers were then taken up on "Hydraulic Machinery for Ma- neuvering Guns" by Mr. A. A. Willson, superintending engi- neer of the Quintard Iron Works, New York City, and '"Hy- draulic Appliances in Boiler Construction" by Signor G. Migli- ardi, of the firm of Migliardi Bros., Italy. Both of these papers were of great interest, and received much commendation. They were discussed by Messrs. Raynal, Mattice and Dickie. The other papers on Wednesday's programme were then postponed until Thursday, and it was announced that an evening meeting would be held in order to consider the papers which were accom- panied by lantern-slides, or rather stereopticon views. A PLEASANT EVENING MEETING. The evening session was very much enjoyed and was large- ly attended. 'The first paper was by Prof. Durand, professor of marine engineering and naval architecture at Cornell University, on the "Planning and Kquipment of a modern Engine Building Plant." As this paper had been printed in advance it was taken as read, and the professor occupied his time describing the splen- did series of lantern slides illustrative of the powerful tools used in ship and engine building, as well as large cranes for handling the material, mast shears, and other similar appliances. Re- marks were made on some of the tools and appliances at the Union Iron Works by Mr. Dickie, manager of that institution, a special description being given of the hydraulic lifting dock which, from Mr. Dickie's description, seems to be an extremely efficient and economical structure, much more so than the ordi- nary graving docks. At the conclusion Prof. Durand was warm- ly complimented on the excellence of his paper and of the lan- tern slides. In the absence of Mr. Weir, the author of a paper on "Boiler Feed," Secretary McFarland gave descriptions of the lantern views accompanying the paper, Mr. Weir having pro- vided a very complete description of them. 'These covered the experiments in regard to corrosion in steam boilers and the pro- gress of improvement in regard to devices for feed water for boilers. 'The slides included views of the very latest devices of this kind, such as those on the Campania and Mr. Vanderbilt's yacht Valiant. The evening's entertainment concluded with a most interesting series of pictures of ice yachts by Mr. Archibald Rogers of Hyde Park on the Hudson, N. Y., the well known en- thusiast on yachting matters, and who has recently built one of