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& ee 18 MARINE REVIEW. vada WESTINGHOUSE EXHIBIT AT THE PAN-AMERICAN. IT IS ONE OF THE MOST EXTENSIVE DISPLAYS OF MACHINERY AT THE EXPO- SITION--A TRULY COMPREHENSIVE SHOW. It is altogether fitting and proper that Buffalo, situated by the great waters of the north, should invite the peoples of all countries to an ex- hibition representing the material growth of America. To celebrate the achievements of a century of progress in the western world is said to be the aim and purpose of the Pan-American exposition, and although there may have been one or two expositions exceeding it in extent, it is her- alded as the most effective ever attempted. The point of greatest signifi- cance in any exposition is the thought that countries, like individuals, become provincial unless they exchange their resources, industries, prod- ucts, inventions, arts and ideas. By increasing the countless articles needed by man, the machinery of the world has brought prosperity, wealth and leisure, which in turn have given birth to the beautiful in art. It is, therefore, of the greatest importance that the electrical and mechan- ical inventions be brought together. Worthy of the exposition as a whole are the exhibits of the West- inghouse companies. It was in a broad and liberal spirit that these com- panies decided to make an exhibit at the Pan-American, for in the city of Buffalo and vicinity the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. alone has over 150,000 H.P. of electrical machinery in operation, includ- ing the ten 5,000 H.P. generators which this pioneer electric company View of The Westinghouse Exhibits in the Electricity Building. installed at Niagara Falls, at a time when the largest electrical machine built was about 2,000 H.P. in capacity; it is this installation that has made possible the most brilliantly lighted of expositions and contributed so successfully to its operation. To the visitor at the Pan-American exposition the numerous indus- trial enterprises associated with the name Westinghouse are in the main familiar. Almost every traveler by rail knows that his safety and comfort are in a large measure due to the Westinghouse air brake, which for thirty years has been the standard appliance for arresting the motion of trains, 1,250,000 of these brakes being now in service throughout the world. Those familiar with engineering affairs are acquainted with the very extended use of the steam and gas engines built by the Westinghouse Machine Co. Those who use electrical machinery, whether for lighting, power or traction, know the apparatus built by the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. Equally well known are Westinghouse, Church, Kerr & Co., whose work practically covers the entire field of engineering as applied to power systems and their application to transportation, light- ing and industry; the Union Switch & Signal Co., manutacturers of every known variety of automatic and semi-automatic railroad signals--makers of frogs and switches and of mechafiical, pneumatic and electrical inter- locking mechanisms of all kinds; the Sawyer-Man Electric Co., makers of incandescent lamps, whose product has been on the market for over twenty years. These are the remaining Westinghouse companies which have joined in a common exhibit. Beneath the central dome of the electricity building and to the right and left of the main entrance to the railway exhibits building, occupying in all over 6,000 square feet of space and truly representing the progress- ive spirit of this century, the exhibits of these companies have been placed. The dome of the electricity building is tastefully draped with hanging green and lavender bunting, making a background upon which numerous strings of Nernst lamps festoon off from a large 2,000 candle power lamp placed in the center. There are over a hundred 400 candle power Nernst lamps that contribute to this illumination, which is the first public exhibition of the Nernst lamp in America and a notable in- troduction of one of the greatest developments that has been made in electric lighting. - The operation of two gas engine generating sets is one of the fea- tures of greatest interest in the electricity building. The large unit con- sists of a 300 H.P. three cylinder, four cycle gas engine, direct coupled to a 2,200-volt, two-phase, revolving field alternator. The smaller unit is a three cylinder, four cycle gas engine, direct connected to a 125-volt, direct current generator. The power furnished by the large unit is em- ployed partly in supplying current to 130 Nernst lamps at 220 volts, and partly in operating numerous Westinghouse induction motors applied to stationary service. The small gas engine generating set is used for exciting the large alternating current generator, for lighting the switchboard, and for charging the storage sparking outfits for both gas engines. It is used also for operating the motor-generator outfit and for lighting four large elec- tric signs, two of which are placed over the main entrances of the elec- tricity building. The switchboard for controlling these generators is equipped with the latest type of measuring instruments, switches, circuit breakers and auxiliary apparatus. Other standard switchboards for light- ing and power service are in place. A 375 K. W. alternator, revolving field type, 7,200 alternations, is of particular interest. Of transformers there are to be seen a complete set of the company's O. D. transformers from % to 50 Kilowatt; two sizes of Manhole type transformers, and two 100 Kilowatt self-cooling, oil-insulated transformers. The latter are used to lower the voltage of the 180 K. W. machine from 2,200 to 110 volts, at which potential they supply the four incandescent signs. These trans- formers present no radical departure from the excellent type which the Westinghouse company has standardized. One of the most novel attractions in the electricity building is a high voltage sign. It consists of two large glass plates covered on the back with metal foil, with the name "Westinghouse" in its center. An alternating pressure having a maximum of 40,000 volts is applied between the foil on the back and the metal letters on the front. As the potential is raised a fringe of violet light appears about the letters which, gradually increasing in intensity, culminates in a myriad branched lightning dis- charge that plays continuously over the surface of the plate and is ac- companied by a continuous crash not unlike thunder. Among the railway motors included in the railway exhibit are a Westinghouse 56 motor for heavy suburban and interurban service, a 50-C for heavy railway service, and a 69 motor for city and suburban service. These motors are split horizontally with their suspension on the lower half of the field. The pole faces are smooth and unbroken, and the arma- ture possesses a ventilated winding. The 50-C motor is provided with a special cradle suspension from the car axle, thus removing the not in- considerable weight of the motors from the car truck. This arrangement minimizes the wear of the rails, increases the life of the wheels and, what is most important, makes an easy riding car. There is also a large num- ber of type "C" induction motors adaptable where constant speed is re- quired, and of variable speed type "F" motors. These latter are provided with collector rings which serve to carry the induced currents of the sec- ondary to an adjustable external resistance, whose operation controls the speed of the motor. The company also exhibits a complete line of detail apparatus, in- cluding meters, lightning arresters, fuse blocks, switches, circuit breakers, etc. Included in this comprehensive and interesting exhibit are two large revolving photograph stands containing a great number of pictures which illustrate engineering work of importance, as well as various electrical and mechanical installations of the several companies. Passing now to the railway exhibits building, which is properly defined as containing all flanged wheel exhibits, we find in the southeast end of this building the exhibit of the Westinghouse Air Brake Co. A rack representing a six-car train, including the locomotive, is equipped with the high speed brake. This installation of an apparatus now com- ing into general use shows the proper method of application and oper- ation. An attendant is present who operates it and fully explains its merits. Each part is duplicated and cut in section, and connected in tan- dem to its relative part, so as to show every feature of its application. One of the interesting features of this arrangement is the 914-in. air pump top-head: cut in section and working in unison with the top-head on an operating pump, showing in detail the movement of the very simple valve motion of this device. The air is supplied by four motor-driven duplex air compressors, which are also part of this exhibit. These compressors are especially adapted to supply compressed air for air brakes on electric motor vehicles as well as various other industrial uses. A complete equipment of both the straight air and the storage system of air brakes for electric cars is so arranged on the platform as to show their application to the car. The American automatic slack adjuster, in addition to being shown in con- nection with the six-car high speed brake train, is also attached to the cylinder on a neatly designed model engine truck, likewise a model loco- motive frame with three pairs of drivers connected, and a complete equip- ment for a passenger car. These models are so designed as to show the proper method of applying this device to the standard equipment, and its operation in automatically regulating the brake piston travel. WESTINGHOUSE FRICTION DRAFT GEAR. The Westinghouse friction draft gear suitably mounted on full size models of draft rigging, which show its application to different forms of cars, both of the wooden and the pressed steel type, is on exhibition. There are also on view complete full sized apparatus cut to show in detail its mechanical construction. This simple but effective attachment for the draft gear of cars should be examined by all railroad men, as it is one of the most valuable inventions of the present time. The rapid increase in the size of cars, trains and motive power has increased the breakage of draft gear to an enormous degree. Many attempts have been made to lessen the large shocks incidental to the operation of heavy cars and locomotives, but at the present time none have as successfully met these requirements as the Westinghouse friction type, which enables an engi- neer to handle a heavy freight or ore train with perfect security and with the maximum power of his engine. The gradual absorbing of the shocks and the practical freedom from spring reaction which the Westinghouse friction draft rigging gives, makes it nearly impossible even in severe service, to break a train in two or to break its draft gear. The great saving power of this device is at once apparent, when it is recollected that from 30 to 70 per cent of all crippled cars owe their condition to defective draft rigging. ELECTRIC POWER BRAKE AND CAR HEATING APPARATUS. The necessity of using some sort of power brake to control railway cars operating in urban and interurban service, suggested itself imme- diately that electric traction became practicable. The Westinghouse elec- tric brake and car heating apparatus shown in full operation at the exhibit more nearly approximates the ideal brake for electric cars than any other appliance heretofore invented. The apparatus consists of two elements, a brake and a car heater. The brake may be installed and used independ- ently of the heater, but the operation of the heater is dependent upon the