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' 42 of the upper deck entas at center _ amidships. , SCANTLINGS, (4) Scantlings determined by tak and depth. Bar keels; stems; stern posts; flat plate keels; shell plating; frame spacing; rudder post and pintles; keelsons; keelson angles; bulkheads; ceilings; deck stringers; tie plates; deck plating, and stringer angle bars. (5) Scantlings determined by the formula; B +:.D. Frames, 'reverse frames, floors and stanchions in con- nection with their length. (6) Scantlings determined by length of vessel. (a) Center keelson, ae top plating side keelson and keelson angle bars of double bottom vessels. (b) The side plating, deck eaves tie plates, bulkhead plating and string- er angle bars of a Poop Raised fore- castle, quarter or awning deck. (7) Scantlings of beams are deter- mined by the length of the beams amidships. (8) Equipment number Pe 8B xX. D : -- +.°80 125° per cent of the capacity. of the deck erections. QUESTIONS FOR .WHEELSMEN AND WATCHMEN. THIRD. INSTALLMENT, 25. What is meant by. the expression "Rules of the Road"? 26. Where could you obtain a copy of the "Rules of the Road"? 27. What does the first rule al the law governing the rules of the road re- late to? 28. What is meant by the expression "meeting head and head?" 29. In the night time how could you tell when two boats were meeting head and head if the weather was clear? 30. How could you tell when, two boats were meeting. head and head in the day time with the weather clear? 31. What is meant by the "helm sig- ' nals" for steamers? 32. What is the principle of the helm or course signals? 33. What is meant by the command of "port?" 34. What does one blast of the steam whistle indicate? : .35. What is meant by crossing each other? 36. On which bow or Oo is the green light carried? SUGGESTIONS FOR STUDY. One of the very first things that the beginner must learn is the law governing the meeting and crossing of vessels un- der every circumstance. This is known as the "Rules of the Road." Do not two vessels ing of these two terms. nated ' This was done for brevity sake. . ""TAE MarRINeE REVIEW learn this. law parrot-fashion, but on the other hand get perfectly acquainted with the principle upon which itis based, If you once understand its principle the law is easily understood. It is not nec- essary to learn the "rules of the road" word for word. If you undefstand the law that each rule is based upon, you can make your own rule, that is, you can explain it better in your own way. This is what the inspector will require of you. One could commit the rules to memory and yet not be acquainted with the' first principle of them. If you know the rules and their application you will have no difficulty in making the examin- ing board understand that you do, no matter how ungrammatical or loose-con- nected your construction of 'the rule might be. As long as the sense is there, 'that is all that is necessary. In learning the rules of the road the terms "starboard" -and "port" must be first taken in account. 'These terms are without doubt the most important used on board ship. The rules of the road are practically laid down on the mean- Starboard origi- from the word -- steer-board--a board to steer the: ship by the same as the rudder of today. The ancients car- ried their steering-board on the right side of the vessel and from this circum- stance this side was ever afterward known as starboard, or starboard side. After the present rudder came _ into vogue and was placed' amidships and controlled by a helm-or tiller, it was termed "starboard helm' when the helm was moved toward or to the starboard side, and "larboard," now "port helm" when the helm was shoved toward or to the port side of the ship. When it was desired that the ship's head should be. moved to the left, or simply to go to the left, the command was "starboard your helm." moved to starboard, and since the rud- der moves the opposite way of a for- ward tiller, the rudder-blade must catch the water on the port side and turn the ship's head the same way, that is, to the left or port. Although this originated years and years ago, the same principle holds good today. The command of "starboard" 'is an abbreviation for "star- board 'helm," or "starboard your helm." The command of "port" means that the helm, or what constitutes or takes the place of a helm, is to be moved toward the port side. The rudder moves the other way and catches the water on the starboard and turns the ship's head the same way. It is for this reason that a ship's head goes to port with the command of "star- board" and to starboard with the com- mand of "port." One not acquainted with this circumstance would 'naturally think that the boat ought to go to starboard "Of the. road' at sea' The helm was accordingly | with a command of "starboard." Many boats do not have a tiller to their rudder, but are provided with a quadrant; others have a tiller shipped in the rudder-head from the after side, that is, leading aft instead of forward. This makes no dif- ference as to the principle of the rules, the law is governed docordiig to the above explanation. One blast of the big whistle always means "port your helm." Now you will notice that when steamers are meeting one another head and head or nearly so, that a blast of one whistle is usually given, which means that each one must "port her helm" and sheer off to star- board. Two blasts of the large whistle means to starboard your helm and there- fore direct your course to port. Another thing you must bear in mind is this: The way you turn your Steer- ing wheel has nothing to do with these commands, for a straight gear will take the steering wheel the opposite way of that of a cross-gear for the same com- mand, so that you can readily see that if this were the case it would cause the utmost confusion. No matter whether the gear is straight or cross the same command applies. The steerman must know his gear so that he, can readily put his 'helm in the direction of the 'com- mand, whether "port" or "starboard." . There are several other little matters in | connection with this that need explain- ing, but we will leave this for another time, As a preliminary to a full and com- prehensive understanding of the "rules the committing to memory of the following poem will be found most helpful to the beginner. By memorizing this poem and repeating it often you will be able to recall the sub- stance of a rule without so much ag re- ferring to it in the book. It will like- wise help you to be doubly sure of a rule when you would have no_ other means of verifying it. Here it is: "RULES OF THE ROAD IN VERSE." 1. TWO STEAMERS MEETING END ON, OR NEARLY SO. Meeting steamers do not. dread When you see three lights ahead, | Port your helm and show your Red. TWO STEAMERS PASSING. For steamers passing you should try To keep this maxim in your eye: Green to Green, or Red to Red-- Perfect safety--go ahead. 3. TWO STEAMERS CROSSING. THIS IS THE REAL POSITION OF DANGER, The steamship that has the other own her own Starboard side she shall keep out of the way of the other. There is nothing for it but good lookout, caution and judgment. If to starboard Red appear, 'Tis your duty to keep clear; Act as judgment says is proper-- Port or starboard, back or stop her. But when on your port is seen A steamer with a light of green, There's not so much for you to do--