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1902. MARINE REVIEW. LEWIS NIXON'S ENDORSEMENT OF SUBMARINES. Lewis Nixon, ex-naval constructor, ship builder and political leader in New York city, is enthusiastic in his praise of the Holland type of submarine boat. In a magazine article of recent date he says: 'I have no hesitation in saying that the Holland boat, as adopted by the United States, and recently adopted also by Great Britain, is vastly superior to the several efforts of the French government and superior also to any other craft of its kind so far devised. Thus, the inventive ingenuity of our own land has another highly important attainment to its credit. There is not the slightest doubt that, in future warfare on the seas, submarine boats will play a very prominent part. In the system of naval tactics which has been evolved by hundreds of years of sea fighting, these small, inconspicuous boats will bring about changes which will be almost revolutionary. The blockading of ports, as practiced under our present system, will be well-nigh impossible. The immensely. wealthy seacoast cities, which have trembled at rumors of war because of the likelihood that an enemy would steal up to their doors and destroy them, may put aside their fears. A few submarine boats will be able to clear any harbor of attacking ships of war. Against the stealthy and underhand, but terrifically destructive assault of such a craft, a battleship can have no defense but flight. At Santiago, for example, our men-of-war would never have dared to close in around the mouth of the harbor, if the Spaniards had had three or four vessels like the Holland scurrying about and delivering quick and unforeseen blows from the depths of the ocean. A battleship cannot attack one of these naval sharks, for the very simple reason that it presents no target. Be the lookouts ever so vigilant, they cannot, of course, detect an enemy approaching beneath the surface to attack from a water ambuscade. No armor plate that has ever been devised is as efficient as a score or more feet of water. Ordinary torpedo nets will give no protection against submarine attack; the assailants will be able to dive under these nets, or send through them a torpedo which will tear_a hole large enough to enable the boat itself to pass, I think it is not putting it too strongly to say that, in a harbor protected by submarine boats, blockading, as practiced under the present system, will be a thing of the past. I believe that it will be necessary to devise some type of war vessel to withstand ,these boats. What type this will be no man can yet say. The vital feature of the new boats is, of course, their ability to move and fight under water. Many inventors have spent long years in endeavoring to devise means to accom- plish this purpose; but, with the notable exception of John P. Holland, they have failed. "IT have heard talk of naval warfare beneath the sea--that is, of one 'submarine boat fighting another--but it is nonsense. While very powerful 'search-lights have been invented, none is strong enough to extend the .area of vision more than a few yards in front of a submarine craft when immersed. A hattle between such vessels would be a case of the blind 'fighting the blind. Much doubt has been expressed as to the seaworthi- ness of the Holland and her companions. As a. matter of fact, there is no craft more seaworthy. When in fighting trim--that is, when nothing but the turrets are above the water--the boat lies in the water like a log, free from exposure to wind and but little influenced by the waves. Such craft will cross the ocean some day." MATERIAL PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. .. "Phe progress of the United States in its Material Industries' is the title of a monograph issued by the treasury bureau of statistics, which contains a series of statements showing the rapid development during the century of the important factors in the present prosperity of the country. These tables, which occupy a number of closely printed pages, show the development in products of the field, forest, mine, and manufactory, the growth in our population, wealth and commerce, the extension of rail- -ways, telegraphs and other methods of communication and transportation, and present an interesting and instructive picture of the progress of the United States and its people during the period from 1800 to 1901. Among the interesting facts presented by these tables are the growth of produc- tion, the growth of commerce, the growth of wealth, the growth of money in circulation, the growth of deposits in savings banks and the increased number of depositors in savings and other banks, the decrease in interest on the public debt, and many other facts of this character. On the pro- duction side, it may be said that the cotton produced has increased from 155,556 bales in 1800 to 9,436,416 bales in 1900; the wool produce, from 35,802,114 Ibs. in 1840 to 302,502,328 Ibs. in 1901; wheat, from 151,999,906 bushels in 1866 to 522,229,505 bushels in 1900; corn, from 867,946,295 bushels in 1866 to 2,105,102,516 bushels in 1900; copper, from 650 tons in 1850 to 270,588 tons in 1900; pig iron, from 165,000 tons in 1830 to 15,800.- 000 tons in 1901; petroleum, from 21,000,000 gallons in 1860 to 2,661,233,568 gallons in 1900; coal, from: 3,358,899 tons in 1850 to 267,850,000 tons in 1901; and gold, from $50,000,000 in 1850 to $79,171,000 in 1900. During the period under consideration exports of merchandise have grown from $70,971,780 in 1800 to $1,487,764,991 in 1901; the per capita in 1800 being $13.37 and in 1901, $18.81. The imports of merchandise have grown from $91,252,768 in 1800 to $823,172,165 in 1901, while the per capita imports have fallen from $17.19 in 1800 to $10.58 in 1901. Turning to the figures which show the net results of these develop- ments, those relating to wealth, circulation, deposits, etc., the tables show that the wealth has increased from $7,135,780,000 in 1850 to an estimated $94,300,000,000 in 1900; the per capita wealth, from $307.69 in 1850 to $1,235.86 in 1900. The public debt, less cash in the treasury, was, in 1865, $76.98 per capita, and in 1901 $13.44 per capita; while the interest on the public debt which in 1867 was $143,781,592, had fallen to $32,342,797 in 1901.° The figures of money in circulation show, in 1860, a total of $435,- 407,252; in 1901, $2,175,387,277. The circulation per capita in 1860 was $13.85; in 1901, $28.02. The deposits in savings banks in 1830 were $6,973,- 304; in 1883, fifty-three years later, they were $1,024,856,787, and by 1901, a further period of only eighteen years, had reached $2,597,094,580. Mean- time the national banking system had come into operation, and in 1865 the deposits in national banks were $500,910,873; in 1880, $1,006,452,853; in 1901, $3,044,600,000. The number of depositors in savings banks grew from 38,085 in 1830 to 1,067,061 in 1866, and 6,358,723 in 1901. Railways grew from 9,021 miles in 1850 to 199,378 in 1901; and freight carried one mile increased from 39,302,209,249 tons in 1882 to 141,162,109,413 tons in 1900, freight rates falling meantime from 1.24 cents per ton per mile to 75/100 of one cent per ton per mile. 27 PRINCE HENRY WILL MEET GREAT MEN. Prince Henry has accepted an invitation to meet on his visit here 100 of the great business men of the country. The invitation was tendered through the German ambassador and is as follows: "Believing that his Royal Highness, Prince Henry of Prussia, would be pleased to meet men prominently connected with the commerce and industry of the United States, an invitation has been extended to Prince Henry for a luncheon at Sherry's on Feb. 26, 1902, to meet 100 representa- tive men identified with such business interests, which invitation has been accepted through the German ambassador at Washington. The gentle- men giving the luncheon are as follows: Morris K. Jesup, Edward D. Adams, John Claflin, L. M.. Goldberger, Alexander E. Orr, James Still- man, J. Pierpont Morgan, George F. Baker, Elbert H. Gary, Abram S. Hewitt, W. Rockefeller, W. K. Vanderbilt." oa The luncheon will afford Prince Henry an opportunity of meeting per- sonally the men who are at the head of the great industrial interests of the country. This is one of the objects of his visit. One of the hosts says: "The list of men includes the heads of interests engaged in the inter- national business, the management of which will necessarily exert an active influence in the formulation of treaties, the revision of tariffs, the direction of transportation and the control of financial corporations based upon in- ternational commerce and the investment of American capital in foreign countries. The persons to be chosen as representatives of the various interests are among the leaders of those who constitute, outside of political and legislative circles, the vital forces that direct and energize the pro- gressive development of the national prosperity." 8 FERRY BOAT LAKEWOOD OF THE CENTRAL RAILROAD CO. OF N. J. Built by the Harlan & Hollingsworth Co., Wilmington, Del. TRADE NOTES. ' Calendars issued by H. Bloomsburg & Co., Baltimore, Md., are very much out of the ordinary. Each month is mounted upon heavy card board and is illustrated with a different picture. Alfred B. Sands & Son, 134 Beekman street, New York, have issued a tasty little calendar devoted to their marine specialties. It is illustrated with a picture of a yacht under full sail. : The Fort Wayne Electric Works, Fort Wayne, Ind., is issuing a monthly calendar this year. The issue for January is modeled in clay with a photographic inset of one of the company's type L. B. D. C. genera- tors. The design is quite neat. Officials of the Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co. report that since their reorganization orders for compressors, pneumatic tools and appliances, including cranes and hoists, received from the Ist to the 15th inst., equal the total December business, which was greater than that of any preceding month. The orders include one for eighty tools from the William Cramp & Sons company, ship builders of Philadelphia. A booklet in the way of twenty-four advance pages of catalogue has just been issued by Marine Iron Works, Station A, Chicago, which they will send free on request. It contains much interesting reading matter, as also illustrations and details of the latest design of marine enginés, all of value to those who may contemplate the purchase of such work. 2 COMPAGNIE GENERALE TRANSATLANTIQUE FRENCH LINE--UNITED STATES AND EUROPEAN MAIL ROUTE. New York to Paris in less than a week. New York to Havre-Paris every Thursday, 10 a. m. Company's own vestibuled train from Havre to Paris in four hours. FLEET 70 STEAMERS. In New York service the following gigantic Twin Screw Steamers: "LA LORRAINE" (new) Twin Screw 15,000 tons 22,000 H.P. "LA SAVOIB" (new) fs a 15,000 '* 22,000 <"* "LA TOURAINE" (modern) '" ah 10,000 '* 12,000 . "L' AQUITAINE"? (modern) " 10,000 "2 16,000 Naval officers command above steamers, insuring the same strict discipline as on a man-of-war. These ships all have double bottoms and water-tight compart- ments, and prescribed routes are taken to avoid fogs. The above steamers contain every modern twentieth century equipment for safety, most luxurious accommoda- tions, and the cuisine is famous. The favorite route of the elite of both continents. For rates,. plans and other particulars apply to EUGENE DE BOCANDE. General Agent for United States and Canada, 32 Broadway, New York. MAURICE W. KOZMINSKI, General Western Agent, 71 Dearborn St., CHICAGO, OR TO LOCAL AGENTS. :