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TAE Marine REVIEW Ss , 7 N and S, and two 8-point courses E and W, all of which is explained in Lesson 11. The letters placed alongside the full point is the abbreviated name belonging thereto, and should be read in full; thus, N by E is north by east; NNE, north-northeast, ete. Mariner's Compass, the compass used by navigators. It has one or more (the modern com- pass contains from 6 to 8 bundles of fine steel wires, highly magnetized, laid parallel with one another), magnetic needles, attached to. a circular card, which is free to turn upon the.point of a steel cone, or pivot, rising from the bottom of the bowl, or, in good. modern instru- ' ments, floats on a liquid--spirits, or oil (benzine). On the upper sur- face of the card are marked the 32 full and fractional points (also, sometimes the degrees correspond- ing therewith) of the compass. The compass is read '(the direction in which the ship is heading) with reference to a mark (a vertical black line, for'ard, on the in- side of the bowl, called the Lubber's Point) which repre- sents the ship's head. EIGHTH POINTS. Point of the Compass, one of the 32 equidistant directions, or division-points marked on the card of the mariner's com- pass, or a corresponding point in the horizon, or vertical plane passing through the horizon and one such points. The corresponding points by which the circle is supposed to be divided, of which the four marking the directions of East, West, North and South, are called cardinal points; and the rest are named from these directions, as NE takes its name from the two cardinal points between which it is equidistant. NE, SE, SW and NW are called inter-cardinal points for this - reason. The point lying midway between N and NE takes its name from the nearest cardinal point (north) and the adjacent inter-cardinal point (NE), hence its name, NNE (north-northeast, ) etc. Compass Card, the circular card attached to the magnetized needles of a Mariner's Compass, on which are marked the thirty-two points, or rhumbs, their fractional parts and the degrees of the circle, all about which is explained in another lesson, REDUCTION OF FRACTIONS. 2-8 is the same thing as %4, and when it is reduced to its lowest terms is l/. 4-8 is the same thing as 14, and when it is reduced to its lowest terms is 4. : 6-8 is the same thing as 34, and when it is reduced to its lowest terms is 34. 8-8 eauals 1-1 and I-1 equals 1. 4-4 and 8-8 = a whole one. 14 and 3-12 are one and the same; 3-12 reduced equals %. 0-12 = 14::90-12 = 4; 12-12--- 1-1 -- 1. I-3 and 4-12 are equal; 4-12 reduced equals I-3; 8-12 = 2-3. 2-12 = 1-6; 10-12 = 5-6. 4-4 and 12-12 and 3-3 are equal and represent a unit of anything. * Note.--Any fraction whose numerator and denominator are - the same, equals a whole one. DOCK YARD EXTENSION AT PORTSMOUTH. Under the naval works act of 1895 a great scheme of -- dock yard extension has been carried out at Plymouth, which will add greatly to Britain's naval resources. The new works embrace a tidal basin, .entered from the Hamoaze, a large closed basin with entrance lock, and three dry docks. Covering an area of 35% acres, the _works cover an area of I14 acres. closed basin has a depth of 32 ft. 6 in. of water at low tide. With a quayage of 4,500 ft., the closed basin will. accommodate five of the largest battleships afloat at the same time, while it is to be equipped with the most up-to-date machinery for warship construction and repair. The tidal basin is to acres in area, with a depth of 32 ft. at low water, and has a length of quayage of 2,100 ft. The smallest of the three docks has a length inside cais- sons of 480 ft., and a depth of 32 ft. on its sills. This dock can be entered only from the closed basin. The other docks are respectively 745 ft. long, with a depth of 32 ft. of water, and 741 ft. long, with a depth of 44 ft. Situated between the closed and tidal basins these docks have entrances from both, and can be used also as locks for the passage of vessels to and from the closed basin. They are also provided with center caissons so that two cruisers of the smaller class can be repaired in each at the same time. The entrance lock by which ships can be taken direct from the Hamoaze into the closed basin is 730 ft. between caissons, and can also be used as a dock in case of emergency. The entrances all have a width of © 95 ft., and floating caissons at either end will enable the two larger docks to be extended nearly roo ft. in length. With the basins, docks and workshops the extension Necessarily so great a task has involved the handling of great masses of ma- terial. The works extend for a considerable distance - along the upper foreshore of the harbor, and no less than 10,000,000 tons of mud, earth, and rock have been exca- cated in the construction of the locks, basin and seawall. Nearly all this debris has been taken out to sea and de- posited in the channel some miles off the port. ANNUAL REPORT CUNARD CO. The annual report of the Cunard Steamship Co. shows that the profits for the year 1905, including £7,429 17s 11d brought forward from 1904 amount to £322,212) 7s 8d. After debiting interest, reserving £182,061 13s 2d for depreciation of ships and wharf properties, transferring £2,669 9s 1d to the insurance fund, and £50,000 to re- serve fund, there remains at the credit of profit and loss account £71,285 16s 1d, out of which the directors recom- mend the payment of a dividend at the rate of 4 per cent per annum, free of income tax, or the paid up capital of the company, carrying forward the balance of £7,285 os td to next year's account. The balance at the credit of the insurance fund stands at £380,000, and the reserve fund has been increased to £150,000. The report goes on to say that the war of rates terminated early in 1905, and passenger fares have since been at normal figures. Freights outwards to the United States were fairly well kept up during 1905, and during the last few months of the year homeward business was much improved. There was as great change in passenger business. Emigration was large, but there was a falling off in third class traffic eastbound. The directors report that the Carmania was received from the builders in November, and has since been running successfully and regularly in the New York service. This is all the information that is given regard- ing this important turbine steamer, but it is sufficient to know officially that the Carmania is a success. The re- port also says that the two new fast steamers which are being built under the agreement with the British govern- | ment are making good progress. The directors of Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitworth & Co. have declared an interim dividend of ten per cent per annum on the ordinary shares and four per cent on the preference shares.