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"TAE. MaRINE. REVIEW carriers, but would help to build up shipping with South America and the Orient. Discrimination upon the "dutiable list'? would aid-in competition with European carriers, but would not materially build up shipping with "free list" producing countries. A review of the foregoing reasoning must convince us that no one method, of itself, will bring the most satisfactory results. However, a combination of twa.or more may evolve something desirable. Because of their ability to aid competition with the great carrier na- tions of the world, either the plan of discrimination upon the "dutiable list" or, the plan of "general" discrimination appear to be the most prom- ising as a working basis. Both would call for an abrogation of the most objectionable treaties, but the former would arouse the less hostility abroad and contribute to a less general rise of prices at home. But, discrimina- tion upon the "dutiable list" could with difficulty be made sufficiently ef- fective, unless combined with the plan of limited discrimination, and this would, in effect, abolish the "free list." -- Such a course could hardly find justification in any quarter, for where non-competing products are involved, it is alike opposed to "free trade" doctrine and to the principle of "tariff for protection." However, there are favorable considerations to be derived. with those countries to which our ships do not now ply. And this prin- ciple finds voice not only among prominent commercial men of this country," but also in the ranks of both leading political parties." Further, it would make a beginning. along the line of least resistance, where mo- mentum could be slowly gathered for embarkation upon other routes in the future. The above opposing considerations having been suggested as of primal importance, it becomes necessary to effect some manner of com- promise between them. From this view-point,. it appears that all friction will be removed by preventing the elimination of the "'free list."" This may be accomplished paying to American vessels importing "free list" articles .a small bounty out of the funds derived from discrimination upon the "dutiable list." This bounty may be made sufficient simply to prevent any rise in price of the commodities imported and may be graded according to the distance from which the articles come.. A safe- guard against the contingency of other nations of small merchant marines admitting European ships to registry may be provided by em- powering the president to proclaim all such vessels, as they appear, sub- ~ ject to the discrimination established against the triangular trade. Such a plan will tend to establish the new and desired regular trade routes, and yet allow the largest freedom without permitting a ship to roam over the ocean and return to the United States simply for the purpose of receiving a bounty." Since this bounty is to be paid out of the fund derived from discrimination, the plan is seen to be self-adjust- ing, for, as trade in American bottoms increases, it will receive less aid. Should the objection be urged against the plan here set forth that it disrupts tariff schedules and commercial treaties, it may be replied that any argument, as regards the former, will be swept away by the present agitation for tariff reform, and that answer has already been given to the latter, i. e., that many so-called reciprocity treaties do not reciprocate," and, that no successful plan, we may be sure, will be acqui- esced in by other nations. The coming process of tariff-schedule read- Justment may very properly take cognizance of the need of offering some form of protection to the "infant industry" of shipping at the time It is withdrawing its support from those industries which have proven themselves able to successfully compete in the world's markets. But, on the other hand, it is not contemplated that the shipping industry be Placed in a position of helpless dependence upon governmental protec- tion. The purpose of the plan here suggested is simply to equalize condi- tions and to leave the outcome to American brain, energy, and individual Initiative. No serious attempt has been made to deny that retaliation may take place, but merely to demonstrate that there is not so much Teason for fear as is generally supposed. The point to be insisted upon 1s, that our present disadvantage, resulting from other nations employ- ment of artificial aids, demands of us the use of some form of retaliation and again, that, no matter what policy we may adopt, a counter move should be expected. We should, therefore, feel free to choose our own It would encourage trade © 29 depends upon the denseness, or close co- hesion of its constituent particles. It' is estimated by the proportion which the bulk bears to the weight. Thus, if there be two bodies of equal bulk, but of differ- ent weights, then the body of greater weight is of greater density. Or if two bodies be of equal bulk, but of different densities, then the body which is of greater density contains -- proportionally a" greater. quantity of matter, -- Or if two bodies contain the same quan- tity of matter, but one of different bulk, then the body which is of the less bulk is of greater density than the other. Thus the density is seen to _be directly proportional to the. quantity. of matter, and indirectly proportional to the bulk. A cubic foot of iron weighs 470 Ibs., but a cubic foot of cork (the same bulk, mind you), only weighs 15 Ibs.; there- fore, iron is of greater density than cork, . because for the same bulk it has greater weight. WHAT IS SPECIFIC GRAVITY ? The term Specific Gravity is.a veritable bugaboo to many people who have only studied physics (natural philosophy) in a castial way. Specific gravity is the weight of a sub- stance compared with a weight of an- equal bulk of some other substance taken . as a standard.. For solids and liquids, : distilled water is the standard, To obtain the weight of a body com- pared with that of another body having the same magnitude, it is first weighed in air; that is, in our atmosphere, the same as the grocer weighs out sugar, etc. This gives its absolute weight. Next it is weighed in water (i. e., immersed in water) to show how much it loses in this element. There have now been ascer- tained the absolute weights of two bodies of equal bulk--viz., the one experimented on, and water, and the ratio of these weights is that also of their specific grav- ities. When a solid is immersed in fluid it will displace exactly its own volume of the fluid; which is equal to the following statement: If the fluid displaced by the immersed solid be weighed its weight will be exactly that which the solid lost when weighed in the fluid from its absolute or natural weight; or the weight of the displaced water will equal the difference of its weight in air and the weight of the same body immersed. . If a solid loses weight when immersed -- in proportion to the weight of the fluid displaced, it is equal to this statement: A body is -buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fuel that it displaces. A cubic foot of water weighs 62.42 Ibs., or about 1,000 ozs. avoirdupois. <A cubic inch of water (6242 + 1,728)