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' . es oe The Marine REVIEW method regardless of the methods exercised elsewhere. ae es radical departure has been taken from our past foreign pollcy, sie ge ae the in the case of bounties, and even these may find precedent," so that | : it beir nat- least opposition will be encountered at home. Moreover, it being the na 23 : ural right of two nations to control the direct trade between themselves, and discrimination upon the "dutiable list" being merely a phase of the pro- tective tariff which the maintenance of any system other than discrimina- tion would render necessary, a minimum of foreign hostility should be aroused, An apparent defect in the p!an consists in its failure to insure : cargo to outgoing vessels. For this, a convenient remedy resides in a tonnage tax or discriminative harbor and light dues imposed upon for- eign vessels, But the additional resentment to be thus incited is not de- manded by the exigencies of the case. Knowing, as we do, that interna- tional. trade is a gigantic barter," and that, under a former system of | discriminative import duties, exports in American bottoms nearly paral- lel imports in those bottoms," we may feel assured that there will be out- bound cargoes for which discrimination and bounty will enable our ship owners to bid, While this paper has incidentally shown that a revival of our mer- chant marine may place an initial burden upon the nation as a whole, yet, it is hoped that the system here advocated will distribute that burden among our people as equitably as possible, and that it will, at the same time, afford a substantial beginning for the industry without imposing upon it conditions which would be detrimental to a steady, healthy growth. APPENDIX, Notes. 1. F. L. McVey, Modern Industrialism (N. Y 5 1904), p,- 672 W. W. Bates, American Marine (Boston, 1897), pp. 47-49. : W. S. Lindsay, History of Merchant Sh'p ping and Ancient Commerce (London, ' 18/4). MOl. os Dpe 758,719, 24) 72: 3. Report of the, Merchant Marine Commis- sion (1905); p. Ixx ff. 4. Hearings before the American Merchant : Marine Commission (1904), pp. 295, 815. Report of the American Merchant Marine Commission (1905), p.. vii. Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics : (London, 1898), p. 632. F. W. Taussig, in Quart. Jour. of Econ. (Aug. 1906), p. 506. R. Meeker, History of Shipping Subsidies (In pub. of Amer. Econ. Ass'n, Aug., : 1905955 pp. 1 78, 179° 5. Hearings (1905), p. 582. J. W.. Garner, 180 No. Amer. Rey., 363. ) Be Meeker, "of. cit, p. 180.-- 6. Hearings (1905), pps 382; 565, 567,812, L942; _ J. W. Garner, 180 No. Amer. Rev., 363. 7. J. J. Hill, speech before the Chicago Com- _mercial Association (In Minneapolis Journal of Oct. 7, 1906, Part I., py 2): 8. Monthly Summary of Commerce and Fi- nance of the U. S. (Sept., 1904), p. 867. 9. ©, E. McVey, op. cit., pp. 72-76. 10. F. W. Taussig, in Quart... Jour. of Econ. (Aug., 1906), pp. 515-516. : F. Marsden Burnett, in The Economic Re- view (London, Oct. 15, 1906), p. 406, 11, 23-26. ' Hearings (1905), pp, 435, 1144, 1197, 1596, 1642, 1643. » Wolf Von Schierbrand, Germany (1902), . 199. id. r L.. McVey, in' Jour. of Pol. Econ. ve(June, 1906) ,°p: 370° 4, Bates, American Marine, p. 428 ff. 12, W. W. Bates, op. cit.. p. 433; R. Meeker, ' op. cit., pp. 103, 104. ® 13. J. W. Root, in 85 Atlantic Monthly, 394. Hadley, Economics (1903), p. 443. . _ Hearings (1905), pp. 1126, 1294, 1495. 14. Lindsay, op. cit., Vol. IV. p. 216. 15. Report (1905), p. xxv. f° 16. Hearings (1905), pp. 557, 919. K. C. Babcock, The Rise of American Nationality (N. Y., 1906), Ppp. 260-261. Bates, op. cit., p. 429, et seq. Convention with Great Britain to Regulate Commerce and Navigation. (Ratified Dec. 227 1805) Are it 17. Report of the Commissioner of. Naviga- tion (Noy., 1904), H. Doc., 58th Cong., 3d session, Vol. 92, p. 687 ff. Hearings (1905), pp. 1780-1781. 18. Hearings (1905), p. 1519. 19. Senator Bacon, 40 Cong. Rec... p. 1808, Senator Allison, 40 Cong. Rec., p.. 2488. Secretary Shaw, Hearings C1905); pr 31532. 20. Hearings (1905), p.. 1495. 21. See Note No: 16 above. 22. Report of the American Merchant Ma- rine 'Commission (1905), Appendix E. J. W. Garner, 180 No. Amer, Rey., 374. 23. Bates, 34 Arena, 365, 369) Garner, 180 No, Amer. Rev.; 370. 24. J. S. Mill, Prin. of Pol, Bcon;, Bic TIT:; Chap. XVIII., Secs, 1 and 6. Charles Gide, Prin. of Pol. Econ. (Trans. by E. P, Jaeobsen, Bonar ed; 1892), p. 240. 25. Bates, American Marine (Boston, 1897), p. 429, weighs 0.58 ozs. Bar iron weighs 7.79 times as much as water; therefore, a cubic inch of bar iron will weigh 0.57 X 7.79 = 4.44 ozs. We now have two equal bulks with their comparative weights, or in other words, the specific gravity of each. Water is taken as 1, or unity, and iron 7.79 times that of water, or 7.79 units. Specific gravity is really the com- parison of weights of substances of equal -bulk with water taken as a standard. The specific gravity of cork is 0.24 of that of water, or what is the same thing, if water is 100 cork will be 24. What is the object of "specific gravity is a question that will naturally suggest itself. It is this: Knowing the specific gravity of substances it is easy to. de- termine the weight of any other substance of equal bulk. For example: A. vessel with an internal capacity of 8 cu. ft. or what would be the same thing, a length, breadth and depth of 2 ft. each, will hold 499.35 Ibs. (8 x 62.49 Ibs.) of water (equals 59.83 gallons). This same ves- sel filled with alcohol, say, will weigh how much? The specific gravity of alco- hol is 0.84; hence, its weight will be 0.84 X 499.36 = 419.4624, or a cubic foot of alcohol weighs. 57.42 Ibs. . If this same vessel were filled with leaq instead of water, its weight would be 56667.736 Ibs., a cubic foot of lead weigh- ing 708.467 lbs. The weight of lead for _ the same bulk of water is 11.35 times the weight of water. This same vessel filled with cork its weight would only be 0.24 of 449.36 Ibs. or 119.8464 Ibs., since an equal volume of cork weighs 0.76 per cent less than water. Any substance whose density is greater than that of water, will sink in water* This is true of all solids more dense than water. When a solid sinks in a fluid it will displace exactly its awn volume of fluid. Therefore, a solid in water weighs less than when weighed in air, since the pressure or buoyancy of the water makes its weight less. When the weight of a body exceeds the buoyancy of water, or other liquid, the body will sink, but when the buoyancy exceeds the weight of the body, the body floats. When buoyancy and weight are equal the body is in equilibrium. The buoyancy of fresh water compared with the weight of a man's body is about equal; hence, the reason that a swimmer can float with but little effort. Sea water being more dense than fresh water the swimmer can keep afloat with still less effort. *Sometimes a heavy substance is given such a shape that it displaces enough of a lighter fluid to float thereon. 'Thus, an iron kettle, or an iron ship, floats on water, although iron is much heavier than water.* It is the side sur- face beyond the displacement mark, of the iron kettle, iron ship, and -such other vessels built of heavy substances, that prevents the displaced water from pouring over the side walls of the vessel, TO FIND THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A SOLID HEAVIER THAN WATER.--First, find its weight in air; then find its weight when immersed in water; divide the weight in air by the loss of weight in water. Ex- ample: A piece of steel weighed 168 Ibs. in air;-in water it weighed 2 lbs. less, or 14.8 lbs., therefore: Pveeht in@air: 2... 16.8 Ibs. Nesight in water. -:0- orl cs 14.8 Ibs. Equal bulk of water, or loss of weight due to buoyancy....... 2) 16.8 8.4 specific gravity of steel; that is to say, for equal bulks, steel weighs 8.4 times more than water, or a cubic foot of water. weighs 62.42 lbs. and a cubic foot of steel 524,328 Ibs. (62.42 xX 84). The weight of a cubic foot of any solid or liquid, is equal to 62.42 Ibs. avoirdupois multiplied by its density or specific gravity. TO FIND THE DENSITY OR SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A SOLID LIGHTER THAN WATER.--Fasten to it another body heavy enough to sink it in water. Find the loss of weight for