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areas in the fire pump as compared with national standard specifications, is due to the fact that-marine boi ers for tug service are designed for a working pressure of about 150 lbs., while fire pumps ordinarily operate under lower steam pressures. Suction is provided by an 8-in. cop- per pipe, with two sea connections from opposite sides of the boat, one well under the bottom and the other from 3 to 4 ft. below water level. Between the suction pipe and side of hull a brass fitted valve is flanged on an 8-in. cast iron box riveted to the inside of hull. A strainer of %-in. wrought iron plate, with %-in. holes, is bolted to the outside of hull, the combined area of openings being twice the area of suction pipe. A %4-in. steam con- nection is run to each box, Two suction connections ad- are 23 'Hase Conn. Valves on each side TAE Marine Review its air chamber, and each connection has an angle valve, placing the con- trol of all water delivery in the hands of the engineer in charge of the pump. In the installation of the delivery pipes no angle fittings are used. Wherever turns are necessary the pipes are bent to as large a radius as possible to reduce friction loss. Be- tween the pump and outlets the pipes date ded "SO thatthe water wher quiescent. will: drain "back 'fo the pump. In the new city fire boats the main discharge pipe from fire pump is car- ried diréct to Cast iron turret with a number of hose connections, each con- trolled by a separate gate valve and surmounted by permanent nozzle. This arrangement is practicable for tug- boats, and besides the economy | in piping is more convenient for connect- ing and laying hose, and places the "au length 105 o, Beam 2565 Depth I2'2° Side and bottom _, «i Sea Suctions Ss ™ 3 Pennsylvania Tug With Fire Apparatus. visable. While the upper is generally used the lower is brought into ser- vice when ice or driftwood would choke the upper strainer. Steam con- nections are fitted to the valve boxes. A steam jet exerting a reverse pres- sure through the strainer will very often force away obstructions. Wrought iron strainers are recom- mended for use on metal hulls to Overcome galvanic action resulting from use of brass or copper when in the presence of a salt or saline so- lution. In fresh water or on wooden hulls brass or copper plate strainers are recommended. The piping should be galvanized wrought iron. The pump is fitted with five delivery pipes, two 3-in. Pipes with outlets on forward end of boat on each side of upper deck and two similarly placed on the after end. The fifth outlet is a 4in. copper Pipe connection to top of pilot house Supplying a permanently located noz- zle. The delivery pipes from pump are connected with a manifold fitted be- tween the delivery side of pump and entire control of valves under the supervision of one man. The rules and requirements of the- board of supervising inspectors, United States government, provide that fire pumps on all classes of steamers, in- cluding tugboats, shall be fitted with "water gage and a pressure relief valve adjusted to lift at 100 Ibs. pres- sure,' it being the purpose of the latter requirement to protect fire hose from excessive pressure. It is gener- ally permissible, however, on boats where good quality hose is carried to raise the limits on relief valves during a fire as high as 150 lbs. This ad- ditional pressure is of great advan- tage where long leads of hose are necessary to reach buildings on shore, distant from the water front, and particularly when three lines are Siamesed through one nozzle. Equipment.--The character and amount of equipment to be carried will be regu- lated by the capacity of the fire pump, steam supply and number of crew. Hose.--Six hundred ft. of 2%4-in., best quality, 4-ply rubber, on two stationary reels, 300 ft. each, located 37 in deckhouse closets, or on deckhouse roof and protected by waterproofed canvas covers. The superiority of rub- ber for this service is generally ac- knowledged, due to the constant ex- posure to moisture and the lack of facilities for properly drying hose on a tg. = Couplings.--Should be expansion ring and of the same type, diameter and thread as the local corporation. Where a boat is employed in waters adjacent to two or more cities having different standards, adapters should be provided to permit connections with each. Where necessary a supply of en- largers should be provided for con- necting the tug lines to automatic sprinkler systems, and to "Siamese" connections on the outboard end of fire mains, installed on many of the large piers. Turret Nogzle-Siamese Deluge Sei. Nozzle to be of brass, easily manipu- lated, with 134-in. tip, permanently 1lo- cated on top of pilot house. Usually with the average fire pump this nozzle has an effective horizontal throw of about 110 ft. A Siamese' "deluge set should also be provided. This con- sists of 8 ft. of 4-in. hose, having noz- zle with large tip supplied from three 2%4-in. hose connections, with an auto- matic check valve in each. This is an effective device, throwing a large stream a great distance. Play Pipes (4).--To be brass, smooth 'bore, 24 to 30 in. long, with tips vary- ing from 1% in. to 134 in. openings. Two pipe holders should also be pro- vided, to be placed in holes cut in top of deck rail on each bow. A cellar pipe should also be carried. Other Equipment.--Two hand chem- ical extinguishers, 3 gallon capacity, two axes, two pike poles, two burst hose jackets and six fire pails. Crew.--The full complement will vary between five and seven men, made up as follows: Captain (Pilot). Engineer. Fireman (2). Lineman (1 or 2). Cook. The captain, engineer and one fire- man will be occupied with their re- spective duties, leaving three men to handle hose lines, with the captain in charge of the turret nozzle. For com- munication between the pilot house and engine room the speaking tube is preferable to bells and gong, which might be confusing, should the tug be maneuvering around a fire on its own bell signal. Tugboat protection has been devel- oped to such an extent by one com-