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4or stalled, and it seems that the trouble they experience there is that the peo- ple will not go into the rooms and have the doors and windows closed. They want the air. If they open their windows and then leave the stateroom, the cooling effect of the refrigerating pipe is ineffective. You could not put enough cool coils into the ship to have any effect in a warm climate under those conditions. It seems to me that the idea back of Mr. Baxter's inquiry will be the one which will be adopted eventually, which will lead to the air being sup- plied pure and at a proper tempera- ture, and then people would depend upon it. As the system is referred to in this paper, they are simply using the air over and over again, and I do not think it is possible to educate the public to the point of view where they will be willing to have only the requisite amount of air coming in to' keep the air cool and fresh. I had an idea some years ago that the electric system was quite as reliable as any other, and one of the men who took the other view was Mr. Coles of the company--he was devoting his' He: time to the hydraulic system. thought the electric gauze would never' come into:use, but I believe he has since come around to the view that electric gauze will 'take. first 'place, and not be relegated to second' place, or third place. From my experience generally, I think the electric appar- atus, when the people who design it are. copnizant'of what it:has to do and the conditions on these strips, will be made as reliable as any other form. . e Mr. L. H. Chandler: I am familiar with the electric system on board the United States steamship Connecti- cut, and was in charge of the actual operation of the installation for' a year. The regular routine at sea is that every evening the doors are closed by electricity from the bridge, and on one occasion we closed' them _ for business when the ship touched bottom, and I should say our experi- ence was that 99 times out of 100 ev- erything closed very _ satisfactorily. We would sometimes have a failure to close reported 'back by the automatic dial signal that shows what has hap- pened, but in almost every case where we investigated that, it was found that _.the door had actually closed and the fault was in the recording system and not in the operation of the doors. I think the general field of service is very favorable to the electrical ap- paratus as we now have it installed. It is considered very satisfactory and "THE MarRINE REVIEW very reliable. The older hydraulic ap- paratus that we had--I do not know that this criticism applies to the more ~ modern apparatus--with the older hydraulic apparatus all the doors used to close very much the same way, in the way that the knife of the guillotine came down, and the ordinary fireman used to get a chunk of wood and put it under it when he went into the -bunker, as he did not like to~ pass through the door. But I fancy, in the modern hydraulic system, that has been modified and overcome.. We are much pleased with the electric, as we have had it, and are 'well satisfied with it. : oe Mr WB: Forbes: . Is there not a law which forbids the ejection of acids under the water line in most harbors. The Vice President: I understand there is in New York harbor. Any further remarks on the paper before us? If not, it is in. order for the author to make his closure. Mr. W., Carlile ; Wallace: As to the first point with regard to electrici- ty, as I stated, I understand it has been very satisfactorily used in this country, especially, I think, in the naval vessels, but the hydraulic sys- tem now is on a very large. number of vessels of the merchant service where possibly they are subject to even less care.'than what they would be in the navy, and so far as I know there has never been a failure of a proper closing of the doors in a prop- erly arranged system. The doors do not come down, as the last speaker mentioned, like the guillotine--in fact, "that is one of the main points, that the doors must close slowly and stead- ily. < I think the gentleman who spoke about steam being applied for the closing of the doors is under some misapprehension, that is not the case in the Mauretania or Wusitania, which are fitted with this system. There is "a hand gear applied for closing the doors, if the hydraulic pressure is not on. That is essential. With regard to Mr. Baxter's re- marks as to the heating of vessels by indirect system, forcing air into the rooms,. this works very well in the larger rooms, but it has. been found almost impossible in the smaller staterooms of vessels to get all the outside' rooms and inside rooms on separate thermo-tanks. The result has been that if you raise the temperature 'of your entering air keep your: outside rooms at a proper temperature, inside rooms are in- sufferably hot, because; of course, they have a certain amount of inter- sufficiently to: nal heat from: the boilers radiated up from the engine spaces and boilers, and last winter you could see in any of the staterooms that in the. inside' rooms they had fans for cooling the passengers, whereas in the outside staterooms they had auxiliary electric heaters to raise the temperature to a proper degree. In-my belief the proper system to adopt: is to force fresh: air all..over--- your ship, and keep the air at such a temperature, preferably by means of a thermostat, so that it keeps the in- side portions of the ship at the right temperature, the outside rooms being heated in addition by electric heaters, these heaters being under thermostat control. By. this arrangement you get absolutely perfect and equable temper- ature over the whole vessel. There is another point that 'those who go down into the sea in ships will find out, and that is this, in cross- ing the Atlantic you get two classes of passengers, particularly the men, Americans and Englishmen. An En- glishman likes the temperature of his room to be about 55 to 60 degrees, and the American likes the 'tempera- ture of his room to be from 65 to 70 degrees, and it is impossible to please all these people, if you are forcing the air in from the outside at a given temperature; whereas, if you have a thermo-static control, you have only to alter the thermostat to suit each indi- vidual case, and everybody is pleased. There is one other point, which Mr. Forbes raised, and that was that it was contrary to the harbor regulations to discharge acids into the harbor. I think that is the case in every harbor. Because you have an ash ejector, you do not necessarily discharge the ashes when you are in the _ harbor,--of course, you could do it, and perhaps not be found out. Senator Lodge's bill to regulate steerage accommodations On ocean steamers, which has been agreed on in conference, increases the statutory requirements for the comfort of steer- age passengers. It requires at least 5 sq. ft. on the open deck for each steerage passenger, a provision new to American law but adopted in Eng- land last year. It seeks also to en- courage dining, smoking and recrea- tion rooms exclusively for steerage 'passengers. It sets apart not less 'than 14 sq. ft. for the sleeping. ac- commodations of each steerage pas- senger. Obviously the bill reduces the number of steerage passengers that a steamer can legally carry.