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June, 1910 made. A space representing average conditions was laid off between.the deep water line and the light water line on the side of:.a- large ship..;.. Dhis was accurately divided into ten equal sec- tions. Nine of the best scalers and one foreman in succession scaled a_ section, and stop watch times were taken. The work was done under the immediate supervision of a superintendent and in accordance with his specific instructions, and the men worked to their capacity for this short period of time. The ex- periment was repeated on another part of the ship and the average of the 20 observations taken. It was found that it the men could work all day at the rate when timed that they could accomp- lish: 416 Sq. tL in -e1eht fours. iis. however, was known to be impossible. One-half of- the time was allowed for periods of rest, going to the lavatory, shifting berths, changing 'chisels, drop- ping a hammer or chisel from the stag- ing, oiling hammers, and other unavoid- able delays: and the daily task was placed .at° 200 sq, ft. To: produce this result requires severe bodily exertion and fatigue, and it was considered nec- essary. to pay 50 per cent more than the regular wages to obtain the maxi- mum results. Common labor receives high wages in some districts, and the prevailing rate at the yard under consideration is $2.40 for eight hours, and is about the aver- age rate in that vicinity. Fifty per cent added to this makes a rate of $3.60 per day, and if 200 sq. ft. is the daily task, the piece work rate will be 1 8-10c per sq. ft., and this rate was adopted. Can the Maximum Output be Ob- tained by Attempting to Drive Men? To those not intimately associated with the management of workmen, the question arises, Cannot the same results be obtained by good supervision at day work and at cheaper cost? To those acquainted with the management of men, it is known that this is impossible. I am satisfied that at day work by actual- ly driving the men, not more than 100 sq. ft. can be obtained, and this only under favorable conditions, where the work is in sight. The average will fall far below this figure. Moreover, good men will not stand driving, and again, they will see laborers in other classes of work doing a great deal less than they are doing and yet obtaining the same pay. As the work of scaling requires more exertion than other work for which a laborer receives it stands to reason the same wages, that the men will seek easier employ- ment unless inducements are offered. On the other hand, if it is known that "TAE Marine REVIEW Ra laborers, by hard work, can earn $3.60 a day, there will be attracted the active, strong, ambitious laborers, and in a short time, there will be employed the best body of laborers in the section. The attempt to drive men to an output anywhere near the maximum without pecuniary reward has been tried over and over again, and invariably fails. Increase in Output Obtained From Piece Work. The results anti-ipated were obtained in a few weeks. At the yard in ques- tion, there had been the greatest opposi- tion to piece work, and all the labor organizations had _ passed _ resolutions condemning piece work. When, how- ever, the tien learned, day by day, the wages the few piece workers were earning, there were additional ap- plications to be put on piece work, and in a short time all the work of this character was done by the piece. The same price was adopted for all scaling og HEXAGON ORDINARY SCALING CHISEL ei x 8 | | | a 1 { ORDERED Zh" te Roe Cay "wt ae 2 6 --- OR-asS -- > CUTTING EDGE . tablished, conn a Work and Piece Work. Soon after piece work was well es- it was decided to make a comparative test of the piece workers and day workers to ascertain the maxi- mum that could be obtained from day workers. The comparison was made under the most favorable conditions for day work. A few laborers, from four to six, were selected for piece work and about the same number were selected for day work. The ability of the day workers was in every respect equal to that of the piece workers. The piece: workers were put on one side of a large ship in dock and the day workers on the other side. The day workers were notified that a comparative test was be- ing made between day work and piece work, and in addition, each man had his berth laid off for him and measured up, and each night the amount of work that he had done was carefully meas- ured up and reported. The most care- beg HEXAGON SCALING CHISEL FOR FRAMES I BEAMS ETC CUTTING EDGE <-- ENLARGED SECTION OF POINT afte SC LING CHISEL FOR HALF .ROUND. BULB BEAMS AND CONDUIT SHOWING CUTTING EDGES i FLATS - | | | : . te HEXAGON u" 5 OR--AS ORDERED Ve2 | au | 3 | pees ae he ee SCALING CHISEL FOR DECKS | . Fig. 2, work, both inside and out, and was accepted without a complaint. The out- put increased enormously, the men ob- tained excellent wages, and the work was done at much less cost than previ- ously. ful supervision was given to the day ~ workers and without question the maxi- mum amount of work that could be ob- tained from the day workers was ob- tained. No such results as those given below can be obtained in general from