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422 it appears, is greater than the supply. Let him rest a few moments, the waste will be quickly repaired and the man will be quite fresh and vigorous again. Since he is paid by the ton, he is, naturally, unwilling to stop in_ his work lest, as he fears, he may suffer in pocket. After some persuasion, one such laborer was induced to move -for a whole day under specific orders from an expert who stood by him with stop watch and recording tablet in hand. To the workman's surprise, his tons had multiplied in number and yet at the end of the day he was no more tired than jhe had been previously when toiling after his own fashion. It seems hardly creditable, although it is true, that with only a good average laborer engaged on this job, the amount of iron thus moved habitu- ally has risen from twelve and a half tons to forty-seven and a half tons in ten hours. Guess Work Eliminate In the:-case of. a machine" Pues: work is eliminated. the teeth in its gears, measures its parts and ascertains the strains and stresses it can bear. Then he adjusts the width and tension of the driving belt so that the latter furnishes the maximum power which the machine can utilize without risk of damage. When a piece of metal has to be re- duced in size through turning or planing, he solves, by a peculiar graphic ap- pliance, an equation which represents mathematically the character of this particular mechanism and the work it is called upon to do. This equation contains sometimes as many as nine variable quantities. The expert gets, as his result, the speed at which the machine should be driven, the depth of cut and the rate of the feed to the cutting tool. Using these figures, the 'mechanic obtains at once the utmost of which that particular apparatus is capable with safety. In one admirably equipped factory under an_ excellent 'manager of the old school, the expert took the latter's best man and best lathe, worked out his little equation and immediately more than doubled the output. Extending his investiga- tions throughout the works, he in- creased the product of every machine not less than twice and, in some in- stances nine times; all this through the substitution of science for em- piricism. ' Cae Arousal of Interest. Under the new order of things, the employes' interest is arottsed and his co-operation enlisted by assuring him, first of all, the standard daily wage of his neighborhood, and, secondly, by perience; The expert counts: Secretary Newberry THE Marine REVIEW paying him a liberal bonus for doing any job in less than the time allotted by the detailed written instructions he receives. It is quite customary for a man to get 30 per cent extra in his pay envelope at the end of the week, while not infrequently his bonus runs up to 50 per cent or even 60 per cent. Is it astonishing that the operatives themselves welcome such a system? Nor can the human element be ig- nored. A firm yet tactful dealing with his employes is not less essential than a full understanding of machinery. In this respect, men differ as widely as the poles. To some this important faculty comes by intuition; to others, as the consequence of study and ex- to more again, it can never come at all.. The métier of the last is by nature distinctly not that of the shop manager. aThe mere, holding of a commission in the navy will: .there- fore, not suffice,; whether it be in the line or in the corps of constructors. Some of the requirements in this con- nection are absolutely mandatory, viz.: Natural aptitude for the calling; a broad groundwork of technical know- ledge; some shop experience, wherein quality rather than quantity counts (for too much time passed in a poorly fitted out and = slackly administered shop may easily be worse than none at all); entire devotion to this pursuit, to the exclusion, for the time being, of all other 'ambitions. <It* would" also appear as if extended assignments to this duty were unavoidable. It is only in meeting these exacting conditions unreservedly that the navy can hope to achieve industrial results comparable with those reached daily in private es- tablishments. As the. logical outcome of his deliberations on this question, found himself driven to look to the naval construc- tors to develop into trained, scientific managers (for these officers never go to sea), yet, even among their num- ber,. some, he knew, would prove de- ficient in "those traits of which the' true 'shop manager must possess, and so 'théy!'would gradually drift into other professional employ- ment where their abilities would be equally valuable to the Government. Through this. weeding out of such of theldolistructors as gave no hope of becoming good managers, a competent and skillful staff would, he. expected, shore and introduce those economies which all recognize as farge and yet attainable. character October, 1910 Long and Toilsome Road. From what has been said it may be seen that a good organization having been established in our navy yards, much still remains to be done to de- velop, under the system finally adopted as on the whole best suited to the Government's needs, a set of men able to make that organization thoroughly efficient. That this will be the event- ual outcome cannot be doubted. by those aware of the earnestness and energy with which other correlated problems have been attacked. But the road is long and toilsome, calling for courage, perseverance and faithful la- bor on the part of all entering upon it and justly demanding patience and a suspended judgment from others who, watching these efforts toward better things, hope that they may speedily be crowned with complete success. None the less, a right comprehension of the ultimate end, of the best means to that end and of the difficulties that must be encountered and overcome seems not only prudent but indispens- able. Mr. Newberry's grasp of the situa- tion, his share in bringing about a better state of things and his proposed solution of this knotty problem are too important not to warrant study and recognition. Liability of Vessel for Injury to Another An oil-burning steamer, lying beside Long Wharf at Oakland, in San Fran- cisco Bay, discharged a considerable quantity of inflammable fuel oil from her hold into the waters of the bay, which was carried by the wind and tide under the wharf, where, mixing with the floating debris, it formed a. mat.. The wharf was 90 feet wide, supported on piles, and there were vessels lying on the opposite side. The floor of the wharf was in places soaked with oil which had escaped from oil-burn- ing engines used theredn. By some accidental means the inflammable mat formed on the water was set on fire, burning a: portion of the wharf, and 'also injuring libelant's vessel lying on the other side, and around which the oil floated. Held, That the negligent act of the steamer in discharging the oil into the bay .was the proximate, cause Of the injury, which, with know- ledge 'of the inflammable aharacter of the oil, the adjacent wharf on which | men and engines. were "working,: the remain to push on the nawvy's work on}: surrounding vessels, ing wind and 'tide, should reasonably have been anticipated, as a probable: consequence. and the. prevail-