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118 Refrigeration Without Ice In view of the increasing difficulty of securing sanitary water supplies and the doubly serious problem of sanitary ice, the appearance on the American market of a little refriger- ating machilne, suitable for the family refrigerator, is of the greatest impor- tance. .This machine is of French origin, and has been in operation in that country for something like seven years. It is arranged so that it can be applied to any refrigerator (and in the larger sizes to a series of re- frigerators) and produces tempera- tures lower' than can be secured with ice, giving a dry cold and the better sanitary conditions that go therewith. At the same time the machine makes such actual ice as is required for ta- ble use and for drinks, and holds ready for instant use enough ice to take care of special requirements, sich as making ice cream, etc. Complications of Machinery The difficulties which have-up to the present time stood in the way of sanitary household refrigeration have been the complication involved in all the refrigerating machines available, and the danger involved in their complication. Most of these machines have used _ either aninionia or. carbonic , acid, "both Or which "are = subject. to <con- siderable danger of explosion from improper handling of the machine. It is a well known fact that any se- rious exposure to ammonia fumes is very apt to be followed by an attack of pneumonia. The. cost of operation: of former machines has also been a serious handicap. The appearance on the American market of the French machine above referred to, namely, the Audiffren- Singrun refrigerating machine--makes an advance in the art of refrigeration. along very original lines. ' It is the invention of the Abbe Marcel Audifiren, a. professor of physics at the former Catholic col- lege at Epinal, France. The machine is so simple that as it is arranged for use in this country it is started or stopped by a single motion. There are but two bearings to be oiled. The machine makes less noise than does the motor which drives it. There is no possibility of any ex- plosion due to the action of the ma- chine. As the manufacturers put it: "If the operator turns on the water and power the machine turns on the cold," In appearance the Audiffren-Sin- grun refrigerating machine is prac- tically a large dumbbell with a pulley THE MARINE REVIEW on the end. It consists of a shaft having a hollow drum on one end, another drum at the middle and a pulley at the other end. The ma- chine is carried in two bearings, the first being placed horizontally and the bearings being on each side of the drum at the middle of the shaft. When the machine is revolving in these bearings the end drum becomes cool and the drum at the middle be- comes warm. Water is kept supplied to the middle drum to keep it from becoming too warm, and the cooling effect of the end drum is used to cool brine (common salt and water), which brine is then circulated through cool- ing coils which may be placed wher- ever it is convenient. The machine operates by causing a liquid to evaporate in the drum at the end of the shaft, drawing the gas re- sulting from this evaporation in the middle drum througha passage in the shaft. In this middle drum the gas is compressed and returned to the liquid state after giving out its heat, and is then allowed to pass back to the end drum through a second pass- age*in the shaft to be re-evaporated and repeat its cycle of operation. The working parts of the machine are hermetically sealed within the drums and are lubricated by a bath of oil, which, together with the re- frigerant, is charged into the machine in the factory and remains perma- nently. This feature of hermetically sealing and the permanence of both the lu- bricant and the refrigerant is the most striking thing about this machine. There is no breaking down of the re- frigerant and none can escape, so that this part of the apparatus is perma- nent. The oil is,protected from oxi- dation and also from dirt, thus avoid- ing the two sources of deterioration of oil, Upon this fact, and upon the skillful design of the parts so that they are constantly subject to the most thorough lubrication, the life and success of the machine depend. Laws of Thermodynamics Those who are familiar with the laws of thermodynamics will realize at a glance that the machine automat- ically operates under the very best possible conditions as regards econ- omy, whereds, in the old type of ma- chine economy cannot be secured ex- cept by the most constant and _ skill- ful attention. Refrigeration secured by these ma- chines is applied to practical service by pumping the brine which has been cooled up to and through the cooling surface which may be placed in the March, 1914 refrigerators to be, cooled. Various designs of cooling surface have been developed for use with the machine, a number of which have been developed in this country in adapting the machine to the different condi- tions existing here. The machine js also arranged so that it starts anq~ stops automatically under the con- trol of the temperatures in the re- frigerator being cooled. In this way no power is wasted. When the requirement for refrigeration ceases the consumption of power and water is automatically cut off. The ice which is made by these ma- chines is made from the same supply from which the drinking water is drawn. As a result, the ice may be placed directly in the water without any possibility of contamination and without the flat taste that distilled water ice has. This ice is invariably opaque, due to the salts and the air which all natural waters carry in so- lution. For almost all service, how- ever, this opaqueness is of no impor- tance, and when the reason for it is - understood there is little objection to it. There are in the neighborhood of a thousand of these machines in sery- ice in France and her colonies, and the American. builders of the ma- chines, the H. W. Johns-Manville Co., New York, have now several hundred in service in this country. Blanchard Marine Oil Engine The latest design of Blanchard ma- rine oil engine built by the Blanchard Machine. Co., Cambridge, Mass., 1s made in eight sizes, depending upon the work which it has to do. It was designed by Wolcott Remington, who is known the world over for his pion- eering work on oil engines, as a real heavy-duty slow-speed engine, designed for constant service and thorough re- liability. It runs on kerosene and fuel oils, with a fuel cost less than one-third that of the gasoline engine. The consumption of oil, measuring not over 26 degrees Baume, is guar- anteed not to exceed one-tenth of a United States gallon per brake horse- power per hour. The engine is so every part is thoroughly In fact any of the journal bearings, even those between cylinders on six and eight-cylinder engines, can be re- moved in a few minutes without dis- turbing any other part of the engine. Great: care has been taken in adjust- ing the weight of the engine so that vibration is an absolute minimum. The starting device is a strong feature, the arranged that accessible.