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158 to the load water line, whichever is the greater. (5) No change may be made in the structure of the bulkheads after the completion of the survey without the permission of the administration. (6) All provisions relating to main transverse watertight bulkheads shall apply to longitudinal bulkheads, so far as is practicable. : The number of openings in water- tight bulkheads shall be reduced to the minimum compatible with the de- sign and proper working of the ship, and satisfactory means shall be pro- vided for closing them. The condi- tions governing these openings are given in Article XV of the regula- tions. Articles XVI and XVII of the reg- ulations indicate the conditions under which openings may be made in the ship's side, the, appliances which shall be provided for closing these open- ings, and the requirements as to op-- erating the closing appliances. Side scuttles and other openings side of the ship and the inboard open- ings of discharges through the shell shall be provided with means of clos- 'ing them, and shall be arranged in such a manner as to prevent so far as possible the accidental admission -of water into the ship. Article XVII of the regulations provides that the design and the materials used in the construction of watertight doors, side scuttles, gangway, coaling and cargo ports, valves, pipes, ash and rubbish shoots. shall be to the satisfaction of the administration; and further that _ watertight doors shall be tested by a water pressure equal to that pre- scribed for the bulkhead where the doors are located. The test shall be made before the vessel is put in ser- vice, and either before or after the door is fitted. Watertight Decks In order to insure their strength and watertightness, watertight decks, trunks, and ventilators shall be con- structed and tested as provided by Article XVIII of the _ regulations, which states:-- (1) Watertight decks, trunks and ventilators shall be of the same strength as the watertight bulkhead at the place where they occur. The means used for making them water- tight and the arrangements adopted for closing the openings in them shall be to the satisfaction of the adminis- tration. If watertight covers are used for closing these openings, they shall be fitted in place before the ship leaves port, and kept closed during' naviga- tion. (2). After completion a hose or flooding test shall be applied to wa- in the THE MARINE REVIEW tertight decks and a hose test to wa- tertight trunks. Watertight ventilat- ors and trunks shall be carried at least up to the margin line. (3) No change shall be made in the structure of watertight decks, trunks and ventilators after the survey without the permission of the admin- istration. Double Bottoms Article XXI of the regulations de- scribes the conditions under which a double bottom shall be fitted in ships of different lengths, and in par- ticular the minimum extent of the double bottom longitudinally and transversely. These conditions are:-- (1) In ships from 200 ft. to 249 ft. in length, a double bottom shall be fitted at least from the machinery space to the forepeak bulkhead, or as_ near thereto as practicable. (2) In ships from 249 ft. in length and under 300 ft. in length, a double bottom shall be fitted at least out- side of the machinery space, and shall extend to the. fore and after-peak bulkheads respectively, or as near thereto as_ practicable. (3) in ships 300 ft. and. over in length, a double bottom shall be fitted amidships, and shall extend to the fore and after-peak bulkheads respectively, or as near thereto as practicable. (4) In ships over 300 ft. in length, the inner bottom shall be continued out to the ship's side in such a man- ner as to protect the bilges. (5) In ships over 699 ft. in length, the double bottom, for at least half the ship's length amidships and for- ward to the forepeak bulkhead, shall extend up the ship's sides to a height above the top of the keel not less than 10 per cent of the ship's molded breadth. (6) Wells constructed in the dou- ble bottom in connection with the drainage arrangements shall not ex- tend downwards from the _ inner bottom more than half the depth of the double bottom at that point. A well extending to the outer skin is, however, permitted at the after end of the shaft tunnels of screw ships. Propulsion Ships shall have sufficient power for going astern to secure proper con- trol of the ship in all circumstances (Article XXII), and shall be pro- vided with an auxiliary steering ap- paratus, which, however, may be of less power. than the main apparatus, and need not be worked by steam or other mechanical power (Article XXL). Every ship shall be subjected at least to the following surveys:-- - hull, ~considered as April, 1914 (a) A survey before the ship is put in service; (b) Periodical surveys, once each year; (c) Additional surveys, as occasion arises. Article XXV states that the survey before the ship is put in service shall include a complete inspection of the machinery, life-saving appli- ances, and other equipments, including the outside of the ship's bottom, and the inside and outside of the boilers. The survey shall be in all respects stich as to secure that, from the point of view of safety of. life at sea, the ship is fit for the service for which it is intended. All merchant ships, whether they are propelled by machinery or by sails, and whether they carry passengers or not, shall, when engaged on the voy- ages specified in Article II of the convention, be fitted with a radio- telegraph installation, if they have on board fifty or more persons in all. Life-Saving Appliances, Etc. Chapter VI deals with life-saving appliances and fire protection. For the application of the articles con- tained in this chapter and of the cor- responding part of the regulations the ships subject to the provisions of the convention are divided into new ships and existing ships. New ships are those of which the keel is laid after Dec... 31, 1914, and other. ships afe existing ships. The fundamental principle of Article XL of the convention. states that at no mo- ment of its voyage may a ship have on board a total number of persons. greater than that for which accommo- dation is provided in the lifeboats and on the pontoon life-rafts on board. The number and arrangement of the boats, and (where they are allowed) of the pontoon-rafts, on a ship de- pends upon the total number of per- sons which the ship is intended to carry, provided that there shall not be required on any voyage a_ total capacity in boats, and (where allowed) pontoon-rafts, greater than that neces- sary to accommodate all the persons on board. All the lifeboats allowed for the ship shall comply with the conditions fixed by the convention and the regu lations. The standard types of boats are classified in Article XXVII of the regulations as follows: Class I (entirely rigid sides) :-- Section. Type. A Open. Internal buoyancy only. B Open. Internal and_ external buoyancy. C Pontoon. Well deck; fixed watef- tight bulwarks.