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306 sia, none; Italy, 1,136, and Austria, 388. In enlisted men, England has 115,- 208; Germany, 60,920; United States, 49,854; France, 60,505; Japan, 43,847; Russia, 47,318; Italy, 33,864, and Aus- tria, 18,712. In enlisted marines, England has 21,033; Germany, 5,597; United States, 9,921. Japan is strong in flag officers, hav- ing a total of 6/7, ranking next to Great Britain with 93. Japan boasts of 3 admirals of the fleet, 8 admirals, 18 vice admirals and 38 rear admirals. The United States has 1 admiral of: the navy and 25 rear admirals. Ger- many has a total of 40 flag officers, including 2 admirals of the fleet. 'France a total of 45 (no admirals). Russia 54, Italy 33 (1 admiral), and Austria 14 (1 admiral). Russia rates 85 chaplains, ranking next to Great Britain with 151. Ger- many has 28, the United States 24, and Austria 12. lieves that the sword is mightier than the prayerbook, for she ranks second im officers of flag rank, but has: no chaplains. France and Italy also have no spiritual pilots. Cost of Ship Building H. E. Moss & Co., Liverpool, Eng., have just issued their semi-annual steamship circular in which they com- ment on the general situation as fol- lows: "Since the issue, of our last semi- annual circular, steamship owners have had to face one of the most sud- den periods of depression experienced for a very long time past. Fortunate- ly, the majority have profited so well during the last few years that they should have enough reserves put by to tide over the bad. time through which they are now passing. The boom recently experienced could not be expected to continue much longer, but we consider everything is pres- ently at about the lowest ebb, and there is not much room for further depression. Our own opinion is that during the coming autumn, by which time it is to be hoped the present po- litical unrest, at home and abroad, will be in a fair way of settlement and the new crops also will have to be moved, we shall see a gradual im- provement in freights and better pros- pects for shipping, especially as finan- cial conditions are also improving. "The passenger trades from Europe to the United States during the pres- ent season for first-class passengers seem fairly promising, most of the fast liners are booked well ahead, but the number of emigrants is not what was expected, and there is plenty of Japan evidently be- THE MARINE REVIEW room for improvement. The confer- ences recently held between the rep- resentatives of the leading lines have not yet led to a definite agreement as to the future, but we sincerely trust that a mutual understanding will soon be arrived at to avoid any unwise cut- ting of rates, which would otherwise naturally result. "The effect of the expected opening of the Panama canal on Jan. 1, 1915, is as yet an unknown quantity, owing to the difficulties the United States government is presently experiencing in its completion. We sincerely hope they will be overcome in time to en- able shipowners to profit by the great developments that will naturally re- sult. "The tonnage under construction at the present time is much less than that on Jan. 1 last, and mainly consists of war ships and steamers for special trades. The amount of tramp tonnage is comparatively small, and few or- ders are being placed for vessels of this description. "Qur- board: of trade returns, al- though showing an enormous volume of business, do not continue to ex- pand to the extent they did during the last few years, for undoubtedly high-water mark has been passed, but, nevertheless, they prove that the amount of trade going on must be still very large. "The cost of building new steam- ers during the last 12 months has declined about 10 per cent, mainly through the reduction in price of ma- terial and competition between the builders, but we do not see that prices can be reduced much more, seeing that wages remain high, with little pros- pect of their being any reduction for some time to come. "There are very few boats presently building for sale, and any that have recently been sold have had to be dis- posed of at much lower prices than previously obtained. Second-hand steamers are being offered for sale in larger numbers, but with few buy- ers, and owners have had to accept considerably reduced prices. "The improvements in naval archi- tecture made by shipbuilders and en- gineers at home and abroad during the time under review have been still further remarkable, as proved by the splendid results of the latest Cunarder Aquitania, which exceeded all expec- tations in consumption of fuel, speed ,and stability. : "The demand for oil fuel continues to greatly increase, and its consump- tion is expanding in every direction, large quantities being now used . by all the principal governments of the world." August, 1914 Discontinuing Port and Starboard The order of Secretary Daniels of the navy that the terms "helm", "star- board" and "port" shall be discon- tinued in the navy in instructions to the steersmen governing the move- ments of the rudder is as follows: Orders governing the movements of the rudder: 1. This order supersedes general order No. 30, of May 5, 1913, which should be marked "canceled" 'across its face. 2. The term "helm" shall not be used in any command or directions connected with the operation of the rudder; in lieu thereof the term "rud- der" shall be used--standard rudder, half rudder, etc. 3. The commands "starboard" and "port" shall not be used as governing the movement of the rudder; in lieu thereof the word "right" shall be em- ployed when the wheel (or lever) and rudder are to be moved to the right -- to turn the ship's head to the right (with headway on) and "left" to turn the ship's head to the left (with head- way on). Instructions in regard to the rudder angle shall be given to the steersman in such terms as "hand- somely"', 'ten degrees rudder', "half rudder", "standard rudder', "left hand- somely", etc. The steersman should afterward be informed of the new course by such terms as "course--135 deg." Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy. Lieut.. Com'dr. -Gilbert. P.. Chase, 1m branch hydrographic eharce of the office, calls attention to this "as the subject is bound to be of interest to- every one connected with ships". Penberthy Injector Service The Penberthy Injector Co. has re- fronr ceived a very interesting letter E. G. Stewart, Fleming street, Coraopo- lis, Pa., one certainly calculated to de-- light the heart of any manufacturer. He writes: "My injector has played out. was a Penberthy, and I want another one. The one I have is size DD. In winter we carry 90 pounds steam pres-. sure and in summer 20 pounds, 100-: tubular boiler, and Would horsepower return a water pressure of 45 pounds. the non-lifting, automatic all right? I think it would, and could I get it with 114-inch connections?" THE MaArINE Review will extend the subscription of any subscriber three months who will send to of the December, 1913 issue. It has: given eighteen years of service and it injector be- it, a copy. eke Ac cats nde cols ce ie cea one cede eal Soha te