26 tions. Two years ago the membership of the society was but 960, 'Discussions opened at the earlier ses-_ sions touching upon shipping and ship- building conditions, were further ad- yauced and replied to at the banquet on Friday night. The speakers upon this occasion were Hon. George W. Edmsuds, member of congress from Pennsylvania; and Hon. John Mac- Crate, now justice of the supreme court of New York and formerly a member of congress from Brooklyn. Mr. Ed:nonds, as the second ranking Republican member of the committee op merchant marine and fisheries of the house of representatives, gave an out- line of the Jones act. He pointed out how that law is calculated to assist shipping and thereby encourage ship- building. This law, he said, had not yet been put in effect because the Pres- ident had not set up the shipping board, authorized thereunder, and, further- more, the President has refused to carry out its main provision, that is, the repeal of the commercial treaties. The remarks of Congressman Edmonds were loudly applauded. The business sessions were signifi- cantly silent about economic conditions in the industry and dealt strictly with technical problems. Prof. Lawrence B. Chapman began the discussions with a paper on "University Education i!) Ship Construction and Marine Trans- portation." He explained the method cf instruction in vogue at 'Lehigh uni- versity, and other speakers supple- mented this with explanations of the instruction offered at Webb institute. -Michigan and other colleges. Practical shipbuilders present criticized the courses in that they attempted to teach the student ¢xecutive and general eco- nomic subjects. They pointed out that, if the schools would give the student a good basic knowledge of the technical subiect the yards and the shipping companies would 'themselves teach them to become exccutives. Lieut. Commander H. E. Saunders, U. S. N., read a paper on "Launching of Ships in Restricted Waters," detail- ing an account of the launching of the battleship Carirornia at the Mare island navy yard in November of last year. The speed of the vessel was checked by chains from the ship attached ashore to brakes operated by hand power. In this instance, the chains broke but the same method is to be used in the next launching. Some of the members suggested that in similar cases, tite declivity of the ways should be reduced so a launched vessel would have only sufficient speed to carry her down to the water. H. F, Norton read a paper on "New 20,C50-Ton Tankers." These are the two vessels the Newport News Ship- THE MARINE REVIEW building & Drydock Co. is building for the Standard Oil Co. A similar ship, 15,000 tons in measurement, building at the yard of the Federal Shipbuild- ing Co. for the same owner, was de- scribed im the September, 1920 issue of Marine Review. The larger vessels are the largest tankers yet built and con- tain several unique features of design, especialiy in connection with the struc- tural work. , Alfred J. C. Robertson read a paper on "Economical Cargo Ships--Some Model Experiments." This was a con- tinuation of a paper of last year in which the same writer analyzed the effect of the size and speed upon the economy cf freight ships. The paper this year presented the results and par- ticulars of son:e model experiments car- rie? out with the object of arriving at the best form for propulsion of full cargo ships. previously it has been the practice of making tank experiments only for naval designs, and that much benefit would evolve to nierchant ships if tank tests of commercial designs were made more frequently, ne Rivet Spacing for Oil-tight work Huco Ff, Frear read a paper on "Notes an Rivets and' Spacing of Riv- ets for Oil-tight Work." This proved of especial interest in view of the con- stantly increasing use of oi! for fuel at sea and of the large tonnage of tank- ers which is now under construction. Tt was explained that few new develop- ments had been made so that the au- thor attempted to outline in brief the most acceptable practices now in use. Commander William McEntee, U. S. N., opened the sessions on Friday with a paper on "Comparative Tests of Eilge Keels and a Gyro-stabilizer on a Mcdel of the United States Aircraft Carrier Lanciey." This paper followed along the lines of a similar discussion had at the previous meeting of the so- ciety. The author found, however, ias a result of the experiments on the T.ANGLEY that loss of speed is found to occur when ships are rolling heavily. Under these, circumstances, he said, the "power and weight devoted to the means of stabilizing a ship are more than amply repaid by the saving effected in the power required to drive her. Luther D. Lovekin presented a pa- per on "Surface Condensers" which brought forth considerable discussion. Mr. Lovelkin's condenser, which he de- scribed in his paper, was built for the navy and he discussed the novel inno- vations introduced. He said that, had the marine engineers of the world fully understood the principles of surface condenser design during the past 25 years, as well as they do today, the surface condensers for most of our re- It was pointed out that, January, 1921 ciprocating engines in the merchant service could have been built with from 25 to 50 per cent less surface and still had the same reserve factor for dirty tube surface. David Arnott presented a paper on "Rules and Regulations for Freeboard." This was largely a collation of the laws of various maritime powers on the subject and a history of the problem in the United States. It was consid- ered one of the most valuable contribu- tions to the subject ever presented be- fore the society and, being compara- tively exhaustive, received but little discussion. Ernest H. Peabody read a paper on "Recent Advance in Oil Burning." In this instance, Mr, Peabody gave a de- scription of his own particular me- chanical burner indicating why it is better adapted to naval use than is the ordinary commercial burner. This was due, he said, chiefly to its flexibility. _ Rear Admiral C. W. Dyson, of the bureau of steam engineering, U. S. N., closed the business sessions with a pa- per on "Problems of the Hull and its Screw Propeller.". This paper repre- sented some detailed experiments and presented the results in detail. He pointed out that the hull with its pro- peller must be treated in conjunction in solving the problem of propulsion. To treat of the propeller without its accompanying hull is to lose time in the ultimate complete solution of the problem invoived. Admiral Dyson's paper represented the results of many yeais study of the subject. Saturday the society visited the yard of the Federal Shipbuilding Co. and witnessed the launching of the SrTeEeEt RAPER, a vessel built 'for the United States Steel Products Co. This type of ship, a number of which are being built for the same owner, was described in a recent issue of the Marine Rer- view. Among the members jvining the excursion were W. D. Hoxie, presi- dent of Babcock & Wilcox: W. W. Smith, of 'the Federal Shipbuilding Co.; H. H. Magoun, vice president of the New York Shipbuilding Corp.; C. }. Wetherbee, vice president of the Bath Iron Works; J. S. Milne, chief engineer of the Todd Shipyards Corp.; Capt. H. M. Seeley of the steamboat inspection service; Capt. C. A. McAllister of the American Bureau of Shipping, and W. J. Parslow, vice president of the Consolidated Shipbuilding Co. Limited business now is being done with Vladivostok. The Admiral line within the last month sent two of its transpacific liners into the Siberian port for outward cargo. Reports from Vladi- vostok are to the effect that a new regu- lation provides all port and customs dues must be paid in gold.