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286 THE MARINE REVIEW FIG. 22—MILL CONTAINING SAWS AND WOODWORKING MACHINERY the raw- material comes in at one end and proceeds in a straight line to the building ways at the other, is ideal. This arrangement can seldom be realized, and the next choice is a rectangular yard in which the ma- terial flows around only one corner and does not double back at any point. Regardless of the shape of the plot, however, and the limitations of property lines, a skilled designer can so arrange the equipment as to get the most out of the situation at hand and avoid waste in handling materials. The accompanying illustrations, Figs. 18, 19 and 20, illustrate some of the principles of yard arrangement. Fig. 18 shows a small yard for three ships designed by Martin C. Erismann, Seattle. In this case, a long, narrow piece of ground was available and a straight-line plant was the result. Fig. 19, detailing the yard of the Grays Harbor Motorship Corp., Aber- deen, Wash., shows what can be done with a comparatively shallow, irreg- ular plot on which a large number of building slips must be placed. In this case, extra room and _ proper routing is obtained by placing the slips at an acute angle with the har- bor line. The advantages of angular layouts of this general character have long been understood by industrial engineers. Getting the Most Out of City Property Fig: 20 shows what can be done on comparatively restricted ground area in ine Meatt of a city. In. this: case, four. building slips for ships of the largest size are provided, together with ample room for shops of a more elaborate character than are usually found around wooden shipbuilding plants, yet the plant is not over- crowded. The lumber moves across the yard from south to north and is properly distributed by means of the traveling cranes between the first and second and third and fourth slips. The steel fittings, which are made-up in the plate shop, move in the op- posite direction. This plant is oper- ated by Supple & Ballin, Portland, Oreg. How the arrangement works out in actual practice is shown clearly in Fig. 15, which gives a good gen- eral view of the yard under operating conditions. The patent advantages of an almost perfect natural site, with unlimited room, are shown in Fig. 17, which “illustrates the yard of the Winslow Marine Railway & Shipbuilding Co., Winslow, ‘Wash. In this case, piling or filling are unnecessary, for the ground has the correct natural slope for laying keel blocks and the water deepens rapidly from the shore... The ways are laid out along the shore and August, 1917 covered by sheds, with the shops, mill, etc., immediately in the rear. The cost of wooden shipyards varies, of course, within wide limits, depend- ing on the locality, price of the ground, number of building slips and the completeness of the shop and yard equipment. In altogether too many cases the latter item is danger-, ously slighted. Probably $45,000 rep- resents the minimum for three slips, and in this case the margin is hardly comfortable. From this figure, the investment ranges up to. $500,000. While no definite suggestions can be given where so many variables are to be considered, it is safe to say that a reasonable sum invested in the plant and its equipment makes for permanent success. Proper Design and Layout This chapter is concerned with the general phases of yard design and layout. Details, such as the construc- tion, slope and arrangement of the keel blocks and the foundations of the building slips will be treated later in the chapters devoted to construc- tion procedure. Various methods of laying out the building slips are sug- gested by the drawings, Figs. 18, 19 and 20, previously mentioned. In the north Pacific coast region, on Puget sound. and the Columbia river, the question of protecting the building slips with sheds is a moot one. There is no doubt the protec- tion of the work from the weather during construction tends to add to the life of the vessel, and that from the standpoint of the comfort of the workmen and their efficiency, espe- cially in the winter time when rain is frequent, sheds are desirable. On the other hand, they add greatly to the cost of the yard; and . this is the principal reason why so much FIG, 23—CUT-OFF AND BAND SAW SHEDS IN A WESTERN SHIPYARD