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46 cal advice and the results of practical tests. He should also give due con- sideration to the character and engi- neering reputation of the builders. With the rapid advance of the art of diesel engine building it is now possible to choose any one of four systems, the 4-cycle single acting, the 2-cycle single acting, the 4-cycle double acting and the 2-cycle double acting. Of these four systems, the first and second have been in general and satisfactory use. Recent developments of a _ practical nature indicates that the double acting type will receive favorable considera- tion particularly in larger units for marine installations. The application of the double-acting principle means MARINE REVIEW a substantial reduction in price and weight per horsepower and all diesel engine builders are, therefore, vitally interested in this type. In vessels where flexibility of con- trol and facility for maneuvering and navigating in restricted waters are prime essentials, the electric drive has been found to be most satisfactory. For large powers, the electric drive might also be favored in harnessing up the combined power of a number of small- er fairly high-speed engines: In an electric drive, light high-speed engines connected to generators, always turn- ing in the same direction with a uni- form eveness of torque, reduce the diesel problem in such an installation February, 1925 to about the same problems as that of a stationary power plant. Greater pro- peller efficiency is possible where the revolutions per minute of the motor are lower than with a direct-connected diesel. Ultimate reliability is also great- er where two or more engines are used to generate power as the breakdown of one or more will not completely crip- ple the vessel as long as enough cure rent can be generated to turn the mo- tor at sufficient speed to give steer- ing way. The accompanying illustrations show specifically the type of diesel and diesel electric vessels which have been built or converted from existing steam ves- sels recently in the United States. Standards Committee Makes Progress tries in simplification of practice in shipbuilding, ship operation and allied industries is the policy being undertaken by the executive board of the American Marine Standards com- mittee, it was pointed out at the annual mass meeting of the committee at the department of commerce Jan. 21, which brought together representatives of practically every shipbuilding, equipping or operating interest in the country. It was disclosed that several plans for sim- plifying equipment in the marine indus- try now are being taken up with the standardization body of Great Britain before further decisions on these items will i.e announced in this country. Member bodies of the American Ma- rine Standards committee comprise about 170 organizations and corpora- tions in the eastern district, 20 in the Great Lakes district, and 15 in the Pa- cific coast district, banded together in an effort to develop simplification and <tandardizations which may increase ef- ficiency and decrease expenses of Amer- ican ship construction, equipment and operation. Col. E. A. Simmons, president of the American Marine association, New York, who is chairman of the executive ‘board, announcing that two standards recommended by subject committees had been adopted, pointed out that the board is seeking to internationalize standards so that ships in foreign ports when in need of repairs can get the items needed for those repairs and turn back as expeditiously as possible. Ef- forts of the board are directed at finding out what is being done by marine stand- ardizing agencies in Great Britain, Ger- many and other lands. Several items have been submitted to the board, which will be taken up at once with the stand- CF ciec i sani with other coun- ardization body of Great Britain before they are promulgated as standards in this country. Because of the tremendous cost of delays to ships in ports, he said, international standards are of the utmost value. Assistant Secretary of Commerce J. Walter Drake in addressing the meeting said simplification of variety to eliminate waste in industry is succeeding, and that it will soon be expressed in hundreds of millions of savings. “Though the problem of simplification enters into the very warp and woof of our national fabric, it lacks sensational- ism,” continued Mr. Drake. “In the ap- plication of marine standardization, you are asked to be your own efficiency ex- perts. You are asked to give your co- operation in developing the collective experience for the benefit of all. You are the best equipped for this study of marine needs. You have the broadest knowledge—a knowledge as to public re- lations, of governmental attitude and of other matters which would require a lifetime for others to acquire. In this co-operative and collective effort, the in- fluence and assistance of the department of commerce and the government is at your disposal. In too many cases the effort of individuals in a group has failed because of the incompatibility of temper- ment which has hampered wholehearted co-operation. The department of com- merce enters here to impress upon the individual its desire for a fair, disinter- ested study in which there may be mu- tual concessions, but the net result of which will be to ‘bunch your hits.’ Board Members Elected Two university professors were elected to membership on the executive board, indicating the interest in marine standardization on the part of colleges giving marine course. These professors are Dr. Charles I. Lucke, Columbia uni- versity, New York, and Dr. Herbert C. Sadler, professor of naval architecture and marine engineering, University of Michigan. Other members of the board elected are as follows: Rear Ad- miral J. D. Beuret, chief constructor, United States Navy; John M. Emery, manager, marine department, Delaware Lackawanna & Western railroad, Ho- boken, N. J.; Homer L. Ferguson, pres- ident and general manager, Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Newport News, Va.; Hugo P. Frear, naval architect, Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp. Ltd., Bethlehem, Pa.; Capt. R. D. Gatewood, United States Navy, Emerg- ency Fleet Corp., New York; William Francis Gibbs, president, Gibbs Bros., Inc., New York; Robert F. Hand, as- sistant manager, marine department, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, New York; Capt. Charles A. McAllister, vice president, American Bureau of Shipping, New York; S. D. McComb, manager, Marine Office of America, New York; Capt. John F. Milliken, secretary-treas- urer, Neptune association, New York; Frank C, Munson, president, Munson Steamship line, New York; E. H. Rigg, naval architect, New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N. J.; Rear Admiral, J. K. Robison, chief, bureau of engineer- ing, United States Navy; Col. E. A. Simmons, president, American Marine association, New York; Maj. Gen. H. Taylor, chief of engineers, United States army; Gen. George Uhler, supervising inspector general, United States Steam- boat Inspection service. The work of: standardization under- taken by the executive board is of the \itmost importance to the industry. In their respective fields the members of the committee have been well chosen.