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a large skylight area. Also a ship is used both day and night. Look at men working over machinery and notice how good lighting helps them. Their movements are more __ sure, they do not» misplace tools. Good lighting also promotes clean- liness and sanitation. No one asso- ciates dirt with bright white walls and ceilings. Dark corners are sure to be collectors of odds and ends in some instances adding to the danger of fire due to spontaneous combus- tion. All of these reasons—less acci- dents, better work and cleanliness— help to keep up the morale of the crew. The United States navy con- ducted certain scientific researches along these lines with very .satisfac- tory results. These _ investigations showed that, if a man is to do his best, he must be kept in a cheerful mood. He must have confidence in himself, the company for which he works. And good lighting helps to keep him cheerful. Standards for Intensity | What represents good lighting? The shortest answer to this is an installation that gives sufficient light and is free from glare and _ harsh shadows. Industrial codes on land give values of light intensity for various types of operations. Thes2 same values may be used on ship- board although it is realized that units cannot be placed as symmetri- cally as in a factory and so the intensity will not be even at all places. Some of these values in foot-can- dles are given below. The foot-candle is the unit of intensity of light, and. represents the intensity on a_ sur- face one foot away from a standard candle. FIG. 2—THIS ENGINE ROOM OF A LARGE DIESEL ELECTRIC FERRY IS SO BUILT THAT GENERAL LIGHTING ONLY CAN BE USED Machine shops: Rough bench work Fine bench work Assembling: MOURNS ss 2sscshsvsootiess eee sekdnk eae Sasa Peel 2 2 Perrereretrrerrr iter rertrre Garage: Repair work sasenseesesnuccavenssennensseesnenacs As a rough estimate, the amount of general light needed can be supplied by a current consump- tion of not less than 0.1 watt per cubic foot of space in the engine room. In the main engine room it is usu- ally possible to use four or more high wattage symmetrically placed lamps to give a general illumination over the cylinder tops. On the average freighter the units may be placed on the underside of cross-beams_ or placed under some overhanging por- tions of the deck above. Fig. 1 shows the engine room of an oil tanker which uses four 200-watt lamps in FIG. 8—UPPER ENGINE ROOM DIESEL TANKER E. T. BEDFORD. THE USE OF WHITE PAINT ADDS GREATLY TO PROPER UTILIZATION OF THE LIGHT MARINE REVIEW—September, 1927 metal reflectors placed under the overhang of the main passageway. Two of these units may be seen in the upper right and left. On freight- ers and most passenger motorships the superstructure usually makes a ceiling over the engine room to which may be fastened lighting units. On smaller craft, such as ferryboats and tugboats, there is also usually a deek which covers a large part or the whole engine room and the smaller size of the engines in relation to the total volume of the room makes general lighting quite feasible. Notice in Fig. 2, the engine room of a ferry- boat, how easily the smaller parts of the mechanism may be seen. Glare Should be Avoided Large size lamps (100 watts and up) should not be used when they are in the direct line of vision. This would make them too glaring. Look at the bright sun for a second or two and then try to read some print. It is impossible until the eyes read- just themselves. The same thing happens when looking at a bright artificial light source, although not quite so pronounced. However, the effect may be more permanently harm- ful since, when in a room, the eye is continually seeing the light source while outside one barely ever looks directly at the sun. To prevent glare, 100-watt lamps should be mounted at least eight feet from the deck or grating level, and larger wattage lamps correspond- ingly higher. With large lamps, it is often wise to either use a diffus- ing globe around them or have the bowls of the lamps frosted. This will break up the direct glare from the filament. When an_ incandescent lamp is placed above a certain area, a re- 23