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Pr ne. oe os FIG. 4—ENGINE ROOM SPACE ON A TWIN SCREW DIESEL SHIP—WITH THIS AR- eee RANGEMENT SMALL LIGHTING UNITS ARE QUITE PROPER --flector should be used to concen- «trate the light down so it will be ‘most efficiently — utilized. Another ‘reason for the reflector is that the lamp may be about the level of a “higher grating. Without a reflector, «it would be very glaring to men on + that’ level. i: Lower wattage lamps—generally 25 + » FIG. 5—A: SMALL VAPOR PROOF UNIT i :MOUNTED ON CONDUIT. OUTLET Re FIXTURE ,or .40 watts—are used in passage- ‘ways, over entrances, throughout vari- ous: grating levels, over ladders; etc. -In other words, they are used where , they, have small areas to illuminate _o¢ where they are placed directly. in the line of vision. Notice their use in the lower center of Fig. 1. Her? _they are placed on the underside of the: grating to light the grating be- low. Fig. 3 shows their use along , a, grating which is on the level of the ,main deck, two levels above the cylinder tops in Fig. 1. By. using small lamps, glare is_ practically ;eliminated, especially if the standard inside frosted lamps are used. _.:;Another worth while use of low wattage lamps is to illuminate glass columns that carry fuel or lubricating oil. These are often at a grating _Jevel, and the stray light on the. grat- ¢ . ing will help to prevent stumbling or slipping. A great help to good lighting is the use of white walls. When light falls on a black area over 90 per cent is absorbed or wasted. When it falls on clean white only 20 per cent is absorbed. Fortunately on shipboard most engine rooms are con- stantly being painted and_ scrubbed giving them a big advantage, over the industrial plant on land, in get- ting the greatest benefit from the electrical energy consumed. Clean White Walls Help White walls also help to break up shadows. With them all the light does not come directly to the _ ob- ject. Some is reflected back and forth throughout the room’ and causes the object to be illuminated from all sides. Many motorships have two engines, one on each side of the center line. The total height may be anything from a few feet to forty or more. On the large diesel engines, the con- trols are usually mounted on _ the sides or near the bottom, and on twin screw ships directly opposite and facing. The various indicating meters SWITCHBOARD FIXTURE FIG. 6—A SWITCHBOARD FIXTURE PAR- TICULARLY SUITABLE FOR’ READ- ING INSTRUMENTS MARINE REVIEW—September, 1927 and gages that are near these con- trols must necessarily be well illu- minated. Usually one or more lamps in ordinary reflectors may be placed over them. Sometimes, angle type reflectors can be profitably used, due care being taken so that the engineer is not forced to throw his own shadow on the controls. The lighting of the electrical switch- board may be accomplished by either bracket lights extending outward from the tops of the panels or general lighting throughout the space sur- rounding. Look carefully at Fig. 1, where a lighting unit may be seen at the end of the right hand row of cylinders. This, and two others not shown, furnish a high level of gen- eral illumination in a_ space about ten by thirty feet which contains the switchboard. There always comes a time when repairs must be made in some inac- cessible place. For this, a _ small portable box may be made contain- ing any number of outlets, each pro- tected by a fuse. A heavy, flexible conductor can be used to tie in with DOME REFLECTOR — FIG. 7—A TYPE OF DOME REFLECTOR— OTHER TYPES USE A DEEPER RE- FLECTOR WHILE OTHERS’ USE ALMOST FLAT REFLECTORS the main switchboard. Then the men at work will have handy outlets to connect their portable lamps, electric drills, soldering irons, ete. Separate Power-Unit for Lights Electrical lighting systems are not usually supplied from the main power units, even in diesel-electric boats. Moreover, the better installations have the lighting and auxiliary mo- tors (for winches, steering engine, windlass, capstans, elevators, pumps, ete.) supplied from separate small diesel engine generating sets. A good plan is to have enough units (say three for a large ship) so that there is hardly any danger of a complete lack of current and so that repairs may be made at any time