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quipment Used Afloat and Ashore Nickel-clad Steel—Stainless Steels—Water Softener—Are Welder— Electrode—Cork Applications—Cargo & Warping Winch—Oil Heater ICKEL-CLAD steel is a_ hot rolled bi-metal made up of a light layer of pure, solid nickel bond- ed to a heavy layer of flange quality steel. The nickel layer, which can be of variable thickness as desired up to 20 per cent of the total plate thickness, provides the corrosion re- sistance and other advantages of pure, solid nickel construction with- out prohibitive price in heavy units of equipment. This duplex steel is a joint development of the Interna- tional Nickel Co. and Lukens Steel Co., and is produced in the latter company’s mills at Coatesville, Pa. Up to the present time, nickel-clad steel has been available only in one regular hot rolled finish, the nickel surface of which carries the tightly adherent nickel oxide film, dark olive prow in color. This nickel oxide fin- ish is formed during the rolling of the bi-metal at high temperatures, and is somewhat similar to the finish on standard hot rolled steel plates. While this type of finish, due to the excellent corrosion resistant proper- ties of the nickel oxide itself, will continue to be produced, a new and finer finish is now available. With the new finish, classified as “hot rolled and cleaned,’ nickel-clad steel is free from the brown nickel oxide on the nickel side. The clean- ing process gives the nickel a neat appearance nearly white in color, with surface superior to that pro- duced by standard plate mill practice. This “hot rolled and cleaned’’ finish, however, should not be confused with the bright, lustrous surface of cold rolled and full finished solid nickel sheet, where refinement is obtained by cold rolling. Nickel-clad steel is also now avail- able in rectangular plates and circles in a wider range of sizes. Use of Stainless Steels NDOUTEDLY the best known U and most widely used of the alloy steels are the comparatively large group of chromium and chromium- nickel steels generally called stain- less steels. These steels contain from 12 to 20 per cent chromium, with or without additional alloying elements. Of these, the 18 per cent chromium, 8 per cent nickel steel is probably the most widely used at the present time. Stainless steels are particularly well adapted for use in resisting at- mospheric corrosion, attack from oxidizing agents, and scaling at ele- 28 vated temperatures. Because of their good physical properties and broad range corrosion resistance, they are continually finding new uses in place of ordinary steel and cast iron. These alloy steels are employed in practical- ly every branch of industry; and in certain fields their excellent charac- teristics have brought them _ into special prominence. The potential field of application in shipbuilding is enormous, stainless steels being used for fittings and parts subject to the action of salt air, spray and immersion in sea water. In the marine field, stainless steels, due to their corrosion-resist- ant properties, are also particularly suitable for use where a permanent, silvery finish is desired in exposed locations on deck and in quarters. Automatic Water Softener NEW fully automatic industrial zeolite water softener has been developed by The Permutit Co. New York. This softener eliminates er- rors due to the human element and conducts all operations of softening and regeneration with machine-like regularity and precision. By a clever combination of a meter operated switch and electric controls with a motor driven Permutit single valve, each operation of the water softener is under control so that the highest efficiency results. The meter actuates the electrical controls which carry through the following steps: Cutting the softener out of operation. backwashing it for a regulated period for thorough Ccleansing; admitting a carefully regulated amount of satu- rated salt brine for thorough regen- eration without wastage of salt; rins- ing out the hardness salts with a minimum amount of rinse water; and throwing the softener back into service under control of the meter, which governs the volume of water to be softened and initiates the start of the next regenerating cycle. Lever Operated Controls OR use under severe weather or atmospheric conditions—a new line of master stations has been de- veloped by Cutler-Hammer, Inc., Mil- waukee, Wis., manufacturer of elec- tric control apparatus. Radically different from the usual master sta- tion, the new type is operated from MARINE REVIEW—March, 1933 levers placed on the side of the case, instead of from push buttons. It is claimed that by this unusual construction, an absolutely watertight case is secured. The shafts of the levers operate through stuffing boxes, and the cover joint is sealed by a rubber gasket. The stations use standard, heavy- duty, push button elements, mount- ed on removable individual molded bases, fully enclosed. New Type of Arc Welder NCREASING welding efficiency and oe at reduced cost is the mod- ern demand. New high speed pro- cesses are changing welding practice. Old time methods are being aban- doned and old time equipment is be- ing discarded in the interest of effi- ciency and economy. To meet this demand the Har- nischfeger Corp. Milwaukee, Wis., has improved and revised its line of are welders. A new magnetic bridge, and a unique short circuit winding have greatly extended the welding range, and further improved arc re- covery and arc stability. The new dead front control cabinet further simplifies the design. Volt meter, ammeter, ete., are contained in the single, compact cabinet. Single operator electric motor driven types of are welders are pro- duced in 100, 200, 300, 400, 600 and 800 ampere sizes. Variants in sta- tionary and portable types are de- signed to operate on either alternat- ing or direct current. Up to 300 am- pere size units have the motor and generator mounted as a single unit to form a compact two bearing machine. The larger sizes are four bearing units, the generator and motor are direct coupled’ and mounted on a welded steel base. Electrode for Manganese NEW coated electrode for man- ganese welding has been de- veloped by the General Electrie Co. The new wire finds its principal ap- plication in the building up of worn manganese steel castings to original dimensions and in the repair of such fractured parts. It also can be readily applied to obtain a manganese steel surface on parts of ordinary steel and iron, thereby giving the parts a tough, work-hardening, wearing sur- face at a low cost.