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PRINCIPLE which applies in Aine buying of all materials is discussed in the chapter on rails in Wellington’s monumental book on the economical location of railway lines. Buying performance is funda- mentally buying dollar performance. This point is strongly stressed by Wellington. The profitableness of 4 business concern depends on _ the economical use of capital and the economical expenditure of money for current expenses. A well managed organization expends each available dollar where the return is the great- est, whether it be for wages, salaries, or new equipment. Wellington develops this point of economical use of company dollars very soundly in his discussions of the construction of railways. Reading Wellington again, after tweny years, I am impressed with the fact that fundamental transportation principles do not change, and they apply in every kind of transportation. If Wel- lington’s book had been more of a guide for the transportation industry, as it should have been, profits would have been greater and losses less, be- cause less capital and operating dol- lars would have been wasted. Condi- tions of business depression make important the development of a more thorough and broader training for men in managerial positions. Value of Side Ports OR those interested in sideports, the following from the book by “Lawrence of Arabia,” the Revolt in the Desert will be significant;— ““‘She was an Indian troopship, and her lowest troop-deck had_ great square ports along the water level. Captain Linberry opened these for us and we stuffed straight in, eight thousand rifles, three million rounds of ammunition, thousands of shells, quantities of rice and flour, a shed full of uniforms, two tons of high ex- plosives, and all our petrol, pell mell. It was like posting letters in a box. In no time she had taken a thousand tons of stuff. ’” On Segregating Cargo LINE at Boston segregates out- A board cargo for each port as follows: Heavy cargo—for stowage in lower hold and ’tweendecks. Light cargo—for ‘tweendecks and SHAUN ONVULOOEAUUIUETOUDAAUOOONUDRESAUERGAO NOTE UEOUA EDULE TEA TAALE HIS page is being devoted to short items on all matters having to do with the more efficient turn- around of ships. These items are in- tended to be of a helpful nature. We will welcome for this page brief descriptions, illustrated if possible, of any better or safer way of perform- ing any function in cargo handling. Also, any questions submitted will be answered by the editor. MUU PULL LLULEE ULL UUDLGOOeLULLOUUGLULELLLOOUE upper port of lower hold. Wet cargo—to be *tweendeck or tank tops. Acid cargo—for deck stowage. Rubber goods—for stowage in a special compartment. This requires a number of piles on the pier, but assists the stevedore as he knows his cargo and can handle it quicker and stow it to better advan- tage. The pier piles are noted on dock receipts. This with ship’s stow- age plan provides direct tracer of a shipment. stowed on Uses Gravity Conveyors A: INTERCOASTAL line’ uses gravity roller conveyors for dis- charging canned goods. Two 10 foot rollers 18 inches wide are bolted to timbers. The platform slings are loaded on the rollers and rolled to the pile. The cases are loaded on to the sling and when the load is com- plete the loaded sling is pushed under the falls by two men. The cases on the top of the pile are placed on edge, so that the strain of the spreaders acts against the end of the cans, thereby preventing damage. Routing of Shipments ESS than carload lot shipments a are sent by shippers at various inland points to a shipper or steam- ship company in Brooklyn, N. Y. Waybills come through to the New York Dock Co. ahead of the ear. Con- signee is notified and bills are made out. The ear arrives at the railroad terminal. There it is taken out of line haul car and put in one for the New York Dock Co. There may be several shipments in other cars which are also transferred into this car. It is shifted to a car float and ferried to the Brooklyn terminal. MARINE REVIEwW—March, 1933 On receiving several cars like this at the terminal, the New York Dock Co. transfers the freight from the various cars to one marked for Isthmian line or whatever steamship line freight is consigned to. Usually the car with the most freight in it for the Isthmian line is chosen and that car is used as a ferry. Whenever that car is full or at the end of the day it is shifted to the Isthmian pier and discharged the following day. When delivering freight hills to the pier the railway also delivers a copy to the New York office of the steamship company, from which are made out the dock receipts which go to the dock for signing ete. The bills that go to the dock direct are signed by the receiving clerk and re- turned to the New York Dock Co. for their billing and payment by the steamship line. Tinplate at Baltimore Tinplate at Baltimore is handled with electric chisel trucks on the pier and in ship’s hold. A truck picks up a load of 10 cases and carries it to the pier apron. From the apron it is hoisted into the ship and landed on blocks. The load is then picked up by a chisel truck and taken to place of stowage. Two chisel trucks are used in the hold and two on the pier. Four men are used: on the pier, three on deck, six in the hold, a total of 13. This gang averages 80 tons per hatch hour, equal to 6.1 tons per man hour. Stowage Characteristics UMBER, 100 feet board measure es will average 80 feet board measure net. One thousand feet board measure will average 115 cubic feet in stowage, and 83 cubic feet is perfect. Copra (Singapore) shipped in bulk must not touch iron and it is pro- tected with dunnage and mats. No burlap is used on account of the danger from spontaneous combustion. In a shipment of 2500 tons, 8500 mats were used. In the lower hold copra stows, 82 to 86 cubic feet to the ton; in ’tween decks it stows 88 to 95 cubic feet to the ton; and the ay- erage per ship is 90 cubic feet. There is little loss of stowage as it can be loaded beam filled. Copra sweats con- siderably and will lose 12 per cent by moisture in passage. It must have fair ventilation. 33