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seful [fints on Car, 6° [[andling UGGESTIONS are often made and S acted upon for changes in construc- tion to eliminate what are considered hazards. This Capt. F. E. Ames, Lykes Bros. Ripley Steamship Co., believes is an approach to a solution of the problem from the wrong angle. To determine whether or not any existing condition is a hazard to safety, it should only be necessary to establish the number of accidents caused by that condition and if the results of the analysis show that a hazard does exist then it is well enough to recom- mend changes in construction. In other words, in safety work, as in all other activities it will pay to look before you leap. Handling Newsprint HE truth of one of the fundamental principles of materials handling, that “economy in handling materials is secured by not handling them,” is demonstrated in the methods used by the New York Dock Co. to handle newsprint paper in rolls. In unloading the cars and stowing the rolls in a warehouse, those rolls destined to be stood on end on the floor are rolled out of the cars spotted near the entrance to the warehouse and are picked up by special newsprint paper trucks. These trucks scoop up the heavy rolls, transport them to their proper places and deposit them on end on the floor. Lifting Bulk Materials N HANDLING bulk materials con- | sideration must be given to the weight per cubic foot and the struc- ture. Snow, for example, weighs 25 pounds per cubic foot, while lump manganese ore weighs 300 pounds per cubic foot. A bucket which would handle the ore economically would not be satisfactory for snow or Many ma- terials of lighter weight. As to the structure of materials, some are fine as powder, some in 20- inch lumps, some are in mixtures of lumps and powder. It is important to consider whether the materials are in a loose or compact state. These conditions have an influence on the resistance offered to the pene- tration of the bucket into the pile of material. The penetration of the bucket also is affected by the place from which the materials is being re- moved. Crushed gypsum rock, handled from QURTUTTUNUOUONUUGENUU AEN ACUTE EEUOUOL PEAY DEA AED 1 page is being devoted to short items on all matters having to do with the more efficient turn- around of ships. These items are in- tended to be of a helpful nature. We will welcome for this page brief descriptions, illustrated if possible, of any better or safer way of perform: ing any function in cargo handling. Also, any questions submitted will be answered by the editor. CU LOLOL LLOO LCG PLOO LG ee PPO OU O ELo a stock pile where it is free to roll as the bucket closes, offers much less resistance to penetration than the same rock being dug from the hold of a boat where the voids have been re- duced by settling and where the free- dom to roll is restrained by the pock- eting effect of the hatches. A three cubic yard bucket for han- dling run of mine coal can be as light as 6500 pounds without sacrificing ca- pacity, but in order to pick up three cubic yards of open hearth slug, from a skull cracker pit, a bucket weight of about 18,000 pounds is needed. Keep in mind that in handling bulk materials, the bucket weight should be considered aS a variable to be estab- lished only by its relation to the char- acter of material handled. Gravity is the force which enables a bucket to penetrate a pile of material and this force is in direct relation to the weight of the bucket. It can never be more than the weight of the bucket and in practice is less because’ the amount of effort required to close a bucket (that is the upward pull on the closing line) is in the direction which opposes the downward pressure at the cutting lips of the bucket. Buck- ets which carry their own motor do not have this tendency to lift out of the material while closing and they dig themselves out of the pile of material. Unloading Cal from Barges OAL is unloaded from either barges C or steamers at a power plant dock by use of two traveling steeple coal towers, each with a capacity of 3500 short tons per hour. These steeple towers are fitted with three-ton grab buckets working on a 60-foot boom, which lifts the coal and deposits it in receiving hoppers. From the receiving hoppers the coal MARINE REview—February, 1935 is fed by means of conveyors to coal crushers which reduce it to the de- sired size. After crushing, the coal is delivered by chutes to belt conveyors to hoppers which in turn feed two skip hoists. These skip hoists have buckets of five tons capacity and are operated in ver- tical shafts by niéans of electric hoists. These hoists deliver the coal to hop- pers from which it is fed to belt con- veyors which carry it to the storage bunker. From the bunker the _ coal passes through driers, thence to pul- verizers and in pulverized form | is transported through pipe lines to the boiler house. A drag line scrapper installation was made at this plant to take care of out- door coal storage. Where there is a network of tracks or where free ground space is lim- ited, the locomotive track crane proves very useful. When flexibility of move- ment is slight, where clearance between buildings is slight, where there is free and dependable ground and where it is necessary to walk close up to a job, the crawler type crane is the best. The Locomotive Crane HE locomotive crane is so desig- i rere because it is self-propelled. They are extensively used in outdoor operations. They range in capacity up to 160 tons with booms as long as 170 feet. Various kinds of buckets, mag- nets, slings and similar gear are used in connection with these cranes. The type of power varies with the service and location. It may be steam, gasoline or electric and it may be operated ot tracks or otherwise. Steam operated cranes are in some cases equipped with motor generator sets operated by Steam from the cranes. boiler, the electricity being used for handling material such as scrap iron, pig iron with electtic magnets. Gasoline operated tranes are mount- ed on railroad tracks or on a cater- pillar tractor. Electric cranes are used usually in industrial plants or on pliers and docks where electric power is available. Some light capacity cranes obtain their power from storage batteries car- ried on the crane. Capacities of cranes at various radii may be increased 10 to 40 per cent by using rail clamps or outriggers. 31